بازپژوهي فقهي و حقوقي خيار شرط مادام العمر

Jurisprudential and Legal Re-research of the Lifetime Option of Condition

مطابق ماده 401 قانون مدني، در خيار شرط، مدت مي‌بايست معلوم باشد و ضمانت اجراي آن بطلان شرط و عقد است. در حالتي كه متعاملين خيار شرط را به مدت عمر خود يا ثالث قرار دهند، قانون مدني، موضع سكوت را برگزيده است. با توجه به درج چنين شرطي در قراردادهاي تنظيمي متعاملين، بررسي وضعيت فقهي و حقوقي اين شرط براي اصحاب دعوا و دادرس اهميت بسيار دارد. اين امر در بين فقهاء و حقوقدانان نيز مورد اختلاف است؛ برخي چنين شرطي را به دليل معلوم و معين بودن و كفايت علم اجمالي صحيح مي‌دانند. گروه ديگر، چنين شرطي را بدليل مجهول و غرري بودن، سرايت جهل شرط به عوضين و خلاف مقتضاي ذات عقد بودن باطل مي‌دانند. نظر ما در اين تحقيق، تفكيك اين شرط در عقود مبتني بر تسامح و تغابن و پذيرش صحت چنين شرطي در عقود مبتني بر تسامح و قائل بودن به بطلان چنين شرطي به جهت مجهول و غرري بودن در عقود مبتني بر مغابنه، است. پس چنين شرط مجهول و باطلي، عقد را نيز غرري و باطل مي‌كند و فساد عقد اصالت دارد.

According to Article 401 of the Civil Code, in the optional condition, the term must be known and the guarantee of its implementation is the invalidity of the condition and the contract. In the event that the parties to the option choose the condition for their lifetime or to a third party, the civil law has chosen the position of silence. Considering that in practice, such a condition is included in the regulatory contracts of the parties, it is very important for the litigants and the judge to study the jurisprudential and legal status of this condition. This matter is also disputed among jurists and lawyers; some consider such a condition to be valid because of its certainty and the adequacy of general knowledge. Another group considers such a condition to be invalid due to its ignorance and arrogance, the spread of ignorance of the condition to strangers, and contrary to the nature of the contract. Our view in this study is to distinguish such a condition in ease-based and profit-based contracts and to accept the validity of such a condition in ease-based contracts and to invalidate such a condition for being ignorant and arrogant in profit-based contracts. Therefore, such an unknown and invalid condition also makes the contract avoid and invalid. The invalidity of the contract is independent.