ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻓﻘﻬﯽ- ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ اﻧﻮاع ﺧﺴﺎرات ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ در ﻧﻘﺾ ﺗﻌﻬﺪات ﻗﺮاردادي در ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ ﺑﺎ آﺧﺮﯾﻦ اﺻﻼﺣﺎت ﻧﻈﺎم ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ

Legal Jurisprudential Study of the Types of Claimable Damages in Breach of Contractual Obligations in Accordance with the Latest Amendments to the French Legal System

در ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺪﻧﯽ اﯾﺮان ﺧﺴﺎرات ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﻧﻘﺾ ﺗﻌﻬﺪات ﻗﺮاردادي در ﻣﻮاد 226 ﺗﺎ 230 ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. آﻧﭽﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﯿﺎن اﻫﻤﯿﺖ دارد اﯾﻦ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﺧﺼﻮص ﮐﺪامﯾﮏ از اﻧﻮاع ﺧﺴﺎرات، ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ اﺳﺖ؟ در ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺪﻧﯽ اﯾﺮان، ﺑﻪﻃﻮر ﮐﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع ﺧﺴﺎرات ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ در ﻧﻘﺾ ﺗﻌﻬﺪات ﻗﺮاردادي اﺷﺎره ﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺑﺮاي ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎرﻣﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﻮدن ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻧﻘﺾ ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﻗﺮاردادي، اﺑﺘﺪا ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﻗﺎﻧﻮنﮔﺬار وﺿﻌﯿﺖ اﻧﻮاع ﺧﺴﺎرتﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺒﺮان را ﺑﻪﻃﻮر دﻗﯿﻖ و ﺻﺮﯾﺢ روﺷﻦ ﮐﻨﺪ، ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺿﺎﺑﻄﻪ ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ اﯾﻦ ﺧﺴﺎرتﻫﺎي ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ ﺷﺪﻧﯽ اراﺋﻪ ﮔﺮدد ﺗﺎ ﻃﺮﻓﯿﻦ ﻗﺮارداد ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪدرﺳﺘﯽ، ﺧﻄﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮي ﻗﺮاردادي و ﺣﺪود آن را ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ. در اﯾﻦ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎر ﺑﻪ اﻧﻮاع و اﺣﮑﺎم ﺧﺴﺎرات ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ در ﻧﻘﺾ ﺗﻌﻬﺪات ﻗﺮاردادي در ﻓﻘﻪ و ﺣﻘﻮق اﯾﺮان از ﻟﺤﺎظ ﻣﺎﻫﯿﺖ، ﺳﺒﺐ، ﻣﻨﺒﻊ و زﻣﺎن ﭘﯿﺪاﯾﺶ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ و ﺳﭙﺲ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻘﯽ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻘﻮق ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ آﺧﺮﯾﻦ اﺻﻼﺣﺎت آن دادهﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. ﺧﺴﺎرات ﻣﺎدي، ﻣﻌﻨﻮي، ﻋﺪم اﻟﻨﻔﻊ ﻣﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل، وﺟﻪ اﻟﺘﺰام، ﺗﺄﺧﯿﺮ ﺗﺄدﯾﻪ، ﺧﺴﺎرات ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ و ﻗﻄﻌﯽ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺤﻘﻖاﻟﻮﻗﻮع آﯾﻨﺪه و ﻫﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ ﺧﺴﺎرات ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از ﺗﺄﺧﯿﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﺧﺴﺎرات ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪ در ﻧﻘﺾ ﺗﻌﻬﺪات ﻗﺮاردادي ﻗﺮار ﺑﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮنﮔﺬار ﺑﻪﺻﺮاﺣﺖ آنﻫﺎ را ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. ﺑﻌﻀﯽ از ﺧﺴﺎرتﻫﺎي ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺒﻪاي ﮐﻪ در ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ در ﻧﻘﺾ ﺗﻌﻬﺪات ﻗﺮاردادي ﻣﻮﺟﻮد اﺳﺖ، در ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﯽ اﯾﺮان اﺻﻼً ﭘﯿﺶﺑﯿﻨﯽﻧﺸﺪه اﺳﺖ، ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ »ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از اﻋﺘﻤﺎد« و »ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻧﺎﺷﯽ از اﻧﺘﻈﺎر« و ﯾﺎ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﯾﻞ ﻗﻀﺎﯾﯽ در ﺧﺼﻮص »وﺟﻪ اﻟﺘﺰام« ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻮاﻧﯿﻦ ﺟﺪﯾﺪ ﻓﺮاﻧﺴﻪ اﻓﺰوده ﺷﺪه ﮐﻪ ﺟﺎ دارد اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮارد در ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻣﺎ ﻧﯿﺰ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮔﺮدد.

In the Civil Code of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the damages caused by the breach of contract are predicted in Articles 226 to 230. In a legal sense, damage refers to either the incurred loss or the money awarded to compensate for damages, and in jurisprudential texts, it refers to “injuries”. The important point is to find the type of damages that can be recovered. This article focuses on the types and rules of recoverable damages in the breach of contract in jurisprudence and Iranian laws in terms of nature, cause, source, and time of loss occurrence and then they are adapted to French law with respect to its latest amendments. Material damages, moral damages, damages for loss of prospective, collateral damages, late payment damages, past direct or future certain to happen damages as well as delay penalty can be considered as recoverable damages in the breach of contract that are required to be explicitly specified by the legislator. Some of the recoverable damages found in the French legal system in the breach of contract is not predicted in the Iranian legal system, including “damages incurred due to trust” and “damages incurred due to expectation” or the issue of judicial adjustment regarding the “penalty clause”, which has been added to the new law in France, but does not exist in our law and should be added.