واكاوي ماليّت منفعت انسان و كيفيّت تسليم آن در فقه و حقوق ايران

An Analysis of Interest Property or Human Action and Its Submission in Jurisprudence and Iran’s law

قانون مدني در ماده 214 واژه «مال» و «عمل» را جدا گانه آورده است، تفكيك مزبور اين تصوّر را ايجاد كرده است كه قانون مدني براي عمل يا همان منفعت انسان قائل به ماليّت نباشد. مقاله حاضر سه سؤال اصلي دارد: منفعت انسان چيست؟ آيا ماليّت دارد؟ و كيفيّت تسليم منفعت انسان در مصاديق مختلف قراردادي به چه صورت است؟ نتيجه چنين حاصل شد كه منفعت يا عمل، «صلاحيّت و استعداد و قابليّت نتيجه دهي» موجود در جسم انسان است كه به صورت ذاتي و يا اكتسابي ايجاد مي شود و مال محسوب است. تسليم منفعت انسان بستگي به مصداق و موضوع مورد معامله مي تواند به صورت ايجاد امري ناپايدار مانند تدريس و يا ايجاد وصفي بر روي عين مانند نقاشي و يا خلق شيء فيزيكي مانند ساخت يك قطعه صنعتي در عالم خارج باشد. در مورد زمان تحقّق تسليم منفعت در مورد اول، اتفاق نظر وجود دارد و زمان آن، زمان پايان كار است ولي در دو مورد ديگر اختلاف نظر وجود دارد. گروهي معتقدند كه براي تحقّق تسليم بايد شيء مزبور در اختيار مستأجر قرار گيرد و گروهي ديگر پايان كار را زمان تحقّق تسليم مي دانند

Civil Act, in the article 214 has separated two words “property” and “action”. The mentioned separation may produce the image that the Civil Act does not consider the property for the action, but this is not so. Interest or action are “competence and capacity and the capability of resulting” which exist in human body, would be produced in nature or acquired and be considered as property. The submission of interest can be in form of creation of a transient affair like teaching or creation of a description of real object like painting or creation of a physical object like building an industrial piece in the objective world. In case of the realization time of interest submission, in the first case, there is agreement and its time is the time of end work, but in the two other cases there is disagreement. A group of scholars believe that for the realization of submission the mentioned object should be delivered to the tenant, and another group of scholars know the end of work as the time of submission realization. The mystery of disagreement is in the understanding of interest submission and it is “to realize and accomplish” of the mentioned capacity which would be realized as the work ends and the delivery of the created object which is “the object submitted” and not “the object transacted”; is an affair both extra and unreasonable. In case which the worker follows the employer, according to Labor Act, the costs of submission is burdened on the employer and the other cases are burdened on the hired servants.