ﻧﻘﺪﭘﺬﯾﺮي ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي ﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﺷﻮﺷﺘﺮي در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﮕﯽ ﺑﻮدن رواﯾﺎت ﻓﻘﻬﯽ

The possibility of criticising Allameh Shushtri's criteria in the fictitiousness of jurisprudential traditions

ﺣﺪﯾﺚ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان دوﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ از ادﻟﻪ اﺳﺘﻨﺒﺎط اﺣﮑﺎم ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ و ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻟﺰوم اﺛﺒﺎت ﺻﺤﺖ رواﯾﺎت و اﻫﻤﯿﺖ ﺑﺎﻻي آن در ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻓﻘﻬﯽ، داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪان اﺳﻼﻣﯽ و ﻓﻘﯿﻬﺎن ﺑﺮاي ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﺎرﺿﻪ وﺿﻊ و ﺗﺤﺮﯾﻒ رواﯾﺎت در دورهﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ آﺛﺎري را از ﺧﻮد ﺑﺮﺟﺎي ﻧﻬﺎدهاﻧﺪ. ﯾﮑﯽ از ﮐﺘﺐ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ و از ﺟﺪيﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﮐﺘﺎبﻫﺎ در اﯾﻦﺑﺎره، ﮐﺘﺎب اﻷﺧﺒﺎراﻟﺪﺧﯿﻠﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺗﻘﯽ ﺷﻮﺷﺘﺮي )1281ـ1374ش( داﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ اﯾﺮاﻧﯽ اﺳﺖ. ﻫﺪف از اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي ﺷﻮﺷﺘﺮي در ﺳﺎﺧﺘﮕﯽ داﻧﺴﺘﻦ رواﯾﺎت اﺳﺖ. اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺎ روش ﺗﻮﺻﯿﻔﯽ ـ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻠﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﺎزﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎ و ذﮐﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﯾﯽ از رواﯾﺎت ﮐﺘﺎب، ﻧﺸﺎن ﻣﯽدﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه، رواﯾﺎت را از زواﯾﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﮐﺮده اﺳﺖ. او ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻣﺘﻨﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﺎﺳﺎزﮔﺎري ﺑﺎ ﻗﺮآن، ﺳﻨﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﯽ، ﻋﻘﻞ، ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ، ﻋﻠﻢ، ﺣﮑﻢ ﻣﺸﻬﻮر ﻓﻘﻬﯽ و اﻋﺘﻘﺎدات ﮐﻼﻣﯽ ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ و ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺳﻨﺪي رواﯾﺎت ﻧﻈﯿﺮ واﮐﺎوي ﻃﺒﻘﻪ راوي، ﺿﻌﻒ ﺳﻨﺪ و ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﻮارد رﺟﺎﻟﯽ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ و در اﯾﻦ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺑﺎ وﺳﻮاس و دﻗﺖ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮐﻮﺷﺶ ﻧﻤﻮده، رواﯾﺎت ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻪ ﯾﺎ ﻣﺤﺮﻓﻪ را ﺑﺎزﺷﻨﺎﺳﯽ و ﻣﻌﺮﻓﯽ ﮐﻨﺪ. ﺑﺎ اﯾﻦ وﺻﻒ ﻣﻮاردي ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻋﺪم ﺗﺒﻮﯾﺐ دﻗﯿﻖ، ﻓﻘﺪان وﺣﺪت روﯾﻪ، ﻗﻄﻌﯽ ﭘﻨﺪاﺷﺘﻦ دﯾﺪﮔﺎه ﻧﻮﯾﺴﻨﺪه در ﻣﻮاردي ﮐﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﯾﮏ اﺣﺘﻤﺎل را ﻣﯽﺗﻮان از ﮐﻼﻣﺶ درﯾﺎﻓﺖ ﮐﺮد، را ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮان ﮐﺎﺳﺘﯽﻫﺎي ﮐﺘﺎب ﺑﺮﺷﻤﺮد.

Abstract One of the controversial points of sale in Hadith as the second source of evidence for Inferring sharia rulings has always been considered by jurists. Due to the need to prove the authenticity of hadiths and its high importance in jurisprudential issues , Islamic scholars and jurists have published books throughout history to combat the falsification and distortion of hadiths. One of the first and most important books in this regard is the book "Akhbar al-Dakhila" by Mohammad Taghi Shoushtari, a contemporary Iranian scientist. The purpose of this study is to investigate Shoushtari’s criteria in recognising the falsification of hadiths. This research, which has been done by analytical-descriptive method, while identifying the most important criteria of the author and bringing examples of hadiths from the book, shows that the author has studied the hadiths from different angles. He has criticized textual issues such as incompatibility with the Qur'an, definite tradition, reason, history, science, famous jurisprudential rulings and theological beliefs, and has also criticized the authenticity of hadiths such as: the study of the narrator class, the weakness of the document and other biographical cases. In this process, he has obsessively and carefully tried to identify and introduce fake hadiths; however, in addition to the lack of accurate rebuttal and the lack of unity of procedure, other criticisms can be leveled at him. Such as: defining the author's point of view in cases where only one possibility can be deduced from his sentences.