تبارشناسي‌ رزم‌افزارهاي‌ فلزي‌ ‌عصر ‌تيموري (مطالعه ‌موردي ‌نگاره‌هاي ‌ظفرنامه ‌شرف‌الدين علي ‌يزدي) ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﮥ ﻣﻮرد ي : ﻧﮕﺎره ﻫﺎي ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﺷﯿﺮاز 839 ه.ق و ﻫﺮات 872ه.ق

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ﮐﺘﺎب ﻇﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﺗﯿﻤﻮري ﺑﻪ ﺗﻘﺎﺿـﺎي ﭘﺴـﺮ ﺷـﺎﻫﺮخ- اﺑﺮاﻫﯿﻢ ﺳـﻠﻄﺎن- ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺷـﺮفاﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﯽ ﯾﺰدي ﻧﮕﺎرش ﺷـﺪه اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ در ﺑﺎب زﻧﺪﮔﯽ، ﻟﺸﮑﺮﮐﺸﯽﻫﺎ و ﻓﺘﻮﺣﺎت ﺗﯿﻤﻮرﮔﻮرﮐﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻮده و ﻫﻤﻮاره ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﮕﺎرﮔﺮان در ﻣﮑﺎﺗﺒﯽ ﻫﻤﭽﻮن ﻣﮑﺘـﺐ ﺷـــ ﯿﺮاز ﺑـﻪ ﺳـــﺎل839ه.ق و ﻣﮑﺘـﺐ ﻫﺮات 872ه.ق ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪ اﺳـــﺖ. درواﻗﻊ، ﻧﮕـﺎرﮔﺮ ي ﺑﺎزﺗﺎبدﻫﻨﺪة ﻫﻨﺮﻫﺎ و ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ دورة ﺧﻮﯾﺶ اﺳﺖ. ﻧﮕﺎرﮔﺮان ﻫﻤﻮاره ﺑﺮاي رﺳﺎﻧﺪن ﻣﻔﻬﻮم ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ﻣﻮرد ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮد ازﺟﻤﻠﻪ رزم و ﭘﯿﮑﺎر، درﮐﻨﺎر ﺗﻤﺎم ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﺖ، از اﺷـ ﯿﺎي دﺳـﺖﺳـﺎﺧﺘﮥ ﺑﺸـﺮ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﺑﺰارآﻻت ﻓﻠﺰ ي ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﻬﺮه ﮔﺮﻓﺘـﻪاﻧـﺪ. ﺑﻨـﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، آﺛـﺎر ﻫﻨﺮي ﻫﺮ دورة ﺗـﺎرﯾﺨﯽ، ﭼﮑﯿـ ﺪة ﺟﻬـﺎنﺑﯿﻨﯽ ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨـﺪان و ﺑﺮداﺷـــﺖ آنﻫـﺎ از ﻫﺴـﺘﯽ و ﭘﯿﺮاﻣﻮن آن اﺳـﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ اﯾﻦ آﺛﺎر و ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﺑﻪﮐﺎر رﻓﺘﻪ در آنﻫﺎ را، ﺑﺎﯾﺪ ﺑﺎ درﻧﻈﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺷـﺮاﯾﻂ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ و ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﯽ ﻫﻤﺎن دوره ﻣﻮرد ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﻗﺮار داد. و ﺗﺒﺎرﺷـﻨﺎﺳـ ﯽ، روﺷـ ﯽ اﺳـﺖ ﮐﻪ ﭘﺪﯾﺪهﻫﺎ را در ﺗﻄﻮر ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽﺷـﺎن ﺑﺮرﺳـ ﯽ ﻣﯽﮐﻨﺪ و ﺑﺎ ﺷـﻨﺎﺳـﺎﯾﯽ ﺻـﻮرتﺑﻨﺪيﻫﺎي ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ ﭘﺪﯾﺪهﻫﺎ، ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه اﻧﺘﻘﺎدي ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺒﯽ ﺑﺮاي ﻓﻬﻢ آنﻫﺎ ﭘﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﯽآورد. ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﺣﺎﺿـﺮ در ﺗﻼش ﺑﻮده اﺳـﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﯿﻪ ﺑﺮ رو ﯾﮑﺮد ﺗﺒﺎرﺷـﻨﺎﺳـ ﯽ، ﺑﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﯿ ﻞ ﺗﺒﺎر ادوات ﻓﻠﺰي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽﺷﺪه و ﺻﻮرتﺑﻨﺪي آنﻫﺎ در ﻧﮕﺎرهﻫﺎي رزم ﻣﮑﺘﺐ ﺷﯿﺮاز و ﻫﺮات ﺗﯿﻤﻮريِ ﺑﺮﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ از ﮐﺘﺎب ﻇﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﺷـﺮفاﻟﺪﯾﻦ ﻋﻠﯽ ﯾﺰدي ﺑﭙﺮدازد و ﺑﻪ اﯾﻦ ﭘﺮﺳـﺶ ﭘﺎﺳـﺦ دﻫﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﺗﻨﻮع ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدي ادوات ﻓﻠﺰي ﺗﺼﻮﯾﺮﺷﺪه در ﻧﮕﺎرﮔﺮي دورة ﺗﯿﻤﻮري ﺑﺮاﺳﺎس ﮐﺘﺎب ﻇﻔﺮﻧﺎﻣﮥ ﯾﺰدي ﺑﺮ ﭼﻪ اﺳﺎﺳﯽ اﺳﺖ؟ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ، ﻫﺪف از اﻧﺠﺎم اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ، ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ، دﺳــﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي و ﺗﺒﺎرﺷــﻨﺎﺳــ ﯽ ادوات ﻓﻠﺰي ﺗﯿﻤﻮري در ﻧﮕﺎرﮔﺮي ازﺟﻨﺒﮥ ﮐﺎﻟﺒﺪي و ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدي آنﻫﺎﺳـﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎي ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از اﯾﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ روش ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪهاﻧﺪ، ﺑﯿﺎن ﻣﯽﮐﻨﻨﺪ رو ﯾﮑﺮد ﺗﺒﺎرﺷـﻨﺎﺳـ ﯽ ﮐﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﺎ ﺗﺎرﯾﺨﯽدﯾﺪنِ ﭘﺪﯾﺪة ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ اﺳـﺖ، ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﺑﺴـ ﯿﺎري ﺑﻪ ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ادوات رزم ﻋﺼــﺮ ﺗﯿﻤﻮري ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺪ. ﺗﻤﺎﻣﯽ رزماﻓﺰارﻫﺎي ﻓﻠﺰي، ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي ﺑﺮاي رزم و اﻗﺘﺪار ﺣﮑﻮﻣﺖ ﺗﯿﻤﻮري داﺷــﺘﻪاﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮاﺧﻮر زﻣـﺎﻧﯽ، ﺗﻌـﺪد آنﻫـﺎ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﮐـﺎرﺑﺮد، ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﻮده اﺳـــﺖ. از ﻟﺤـﺎظ ﮐـﺎﻟﺒـﺪي ﻧﯿﺰ رزماﻓﺰارﻫـﺎ اﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻻً اَﺷـــﮑـﺎﻟ ﯽ ﺑﻮدهاﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ و ﺣﺘﯽ اﻋﺼﺎر ﺑﻌﺪي ﻧﯿﺰ ﺑﺎ اﻧﺪك ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮاﺗﯽ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﯽﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ.

The book ‌Zafarnameh Teymouri at the request of Shahrokhchr('39')s son - Ibrahim ‌Sultan- ‌ was written by Sharaf al-Din Ali ‌yazdi, which is a chapter on the life, campaigns and conquests of Timur Gurkhani and It has always been considered by painters in schools such as Shiraz school in 839 AH and Herat school in 872 AH. In fact, the art of painting is a reflection of the various arts and crafts of its period. Because painters have always used human-made objects, such as metal tools, to convey the meaning of their subject matter, including war and battle, as well as all the elements of nature, man-made objects. Therefore, the works of art of each historical period are a summary of the worldview of artists and their perceptions of existence and its surroundings. an‎d genealogy is a method that examines phenomena in their historical evolution and, by identifying the "historical" formulations of phenomena, creates an "appropriate" critical position for understanding them. The present study has been attempting to rely on the Genealogy approach, to identify of metal warfare tools and to formulate them in the war illustrations of the Shiraz and Herat Teymouri schools and to answer this question: what is the basis of the physical structure and functional diversity of the metal tools depicted in the painting of the Timurid period based on the book of Zafarnameh Yazdi? Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze, classify and genealogy of Timurid metal tools in painting from their physical and functional aspects. Finds of this study, which was conducted in a historical way the genealogical approach, states that the genealogical approach, which is the historical view of the phenomenon under study, can be of great help in understanding the tools of the Timurid war. All metal warfare tools have been used for combat and the authority of the Timurid government, which has been modified for them as a variable over time. In terms of shape, the software can probably be a bug that was used in the past and even in later centuries with little modification.