كمي سازي معيارهاي بصري پوشش اراضي با استفاده از سنجه‌هاي سيماي سرزمين (مطالعه موردي: جنگل‌هاي دو هزار سه هزار تنكابن)

Quantification Visual Criteria of Land Cover Using Landscape Metrics (Case Study: Tonekabon Forests of Dohezar-Sehezar )

زﻣﯿﻨﻪ و ﻫﺪف: در اﯾﺮان ﺑﺎ وﺟﻮد روﻧﺪ ﻓﺰاﯾﻨﺪه ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯿﺖﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪاي ﮐﻪ ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و درﻧﻬﺎﯾﺖ ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﯾﺎ از ﺑﯿﻦ ﺑﺮدن ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮدﻫﺎ و ﻓﺮآﯾﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﻤﺎيﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ ﻣﯽﺷﻮﻧﺪ، ﻟﺰوم درﻧﻈﺮﮔﯿﺮي اﺛﺮات ﺑﺼﺮي در ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت EIA ﺑﻪوﯾﮋه در اﮐﻮﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ﺷﻤﺎﻟﯽ ﮐﺸﻮر اﺣﺴﺎس ﻣﯽ ﺷﻮد. اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﮐﻤﯽ ﺳﺎزي ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑﺼﺮي ﭘﻮﺷﺶ اراﺿﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﻨﺠﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﻤﺎي ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ. روش ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ: اﯾﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ در ﺳﺎل 1395، ﺑﺎ ﻫﺪف ﮐﻤﯽﺳﺎزي ﻣﻌﯿﺎرﻫﺎي ﺑﺼﺮي ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽﺑﻮدن و ﭘﯿﭽﯿﺪﮔﯽ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﺳﻨﺠﻪﻫﺎي SHDI، PD ،PR ،LPI ،PLAND ،SHEI و NP در ﺣﻮزه آﺑﺨﯿﺰ دو ﻫﺰار و ﺳﻪ ﻫﺰار ﺗﻨﮑﺎﺑﻦ از دو ﻧﻘﻄﻪ دﯾﺪ ﻧﺎﻇﺮ ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﭘﺲ از ﺗﻬﯿﻪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي اراﺿﯽ و ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ DSMو اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ﻧﻘﺎط دﯾﺪ ﺑﻪ GIS ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از دﺳﺘﻮر Visibility در GIS، ﻣﺤﺪوده ﻗﺎﺑﻞدﯾﺪ ﺑﻪدﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ و ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. ﯾﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ: ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ PLAND ﮐﻪ ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار آن ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﮐﺎرﺑﺮي ﺟﻨﮕﻞ ﺑﻮد و ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ آن ﺑﺮاي ﮐﺎرﺑﺮيﻫﺎي ﺟﻨﮕﻞ، ﮐﺸﺎورزي و ﻣﺮﺗﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺗﯿﺐ 0/0001 ،0/1499 و 0/0021 ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ ، ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻃﺒﯿﻌﯽﺑﻮدن در ﻣﺤﺪوده دﯾﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اول ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ دوم اﺳﺖ و اﯾﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ دﯾﺪ، ﮐﻤﺘﺮ دﺳﺘﺨﻮش ﻣﺪاﺧﻼت اﻧﺴﺎﻧﯽ ﺑﻮده اﺳﺖ. در ﻧﻘﻄﻪ دوم ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ ارزش SHEI ﮐﻪ ﮐﻤﺘﺮ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ اول )0/0927( ﺑﻮد، ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎي NP ،(2/507) PD ،(70000) PR ،(0/0927) SHDI )2058000( ﺑﯿﺶ از ﻧﻘﻄﻪ دوم ﺑﻪ دﺳﺖ آﻣﺪ. ﺑﺤﺚ و ﻧﺘﯿﺠﻪ ﮔﯿﺮي: اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻣﺘﺮﯾﮏﻫﺎي ﺳﯿﻤﺎي ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖﻫﺎي آنﻫﺎ، ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﮔﺎﻣﯽ ﻣﻔﯿﺪ در راﺳﺘﺎي ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﯾﯽ زود ﻫﻨﮕﺎم اﺛﺮات ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺳﯿﻤﺎي ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ. روﯾﮑﺮد اراﺋﻪﺷﺪه ﻣﯽﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﭘﺎﯾﻪاي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﯾﮏ روش ﺟﺪﯾﺪ در درك اﺛﺮات ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ ﺳﯿﻤﺎي ﺳﺮزﻣﯿﻦ در زﻣﯿﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪرﯾﺰي و ﻣﺪﯾﺮﯾﺖ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ.

Background and Objective: Despite the increasingly trend of developmental activities that are likely to change the structure and change or eliminate landscape functions and processes in Iran ultimately, it seems necessary to consider the visual effect in EIA studies especially in northern ecosystem of the country. Methods: This study aimed to quantify the visual criteria of naturalness and complexity using SHDI, SHEI, PLAND, LPI, PR, PD, and NP measurements in the area of Tonekabon's Dohezar-Sehezar watershed from two viewpoints. The visible range, after land use mapping and production of DSM and transmitting of visibility points to GIS, was obtained using the Visibility instruction in GIS, which analyzed the visible range at two points. Findings: According to the PLAND index, the highest amount pertained to forest land use, and their amounts for forest, agriculture, and rangeland land uses found 0.1499, 0.0001, and 0.0021 respectively that detected the naturalness in the first- viewpoint was more than the second viewpoint, and this area has been less affected by human interferences. At the second point, except for the SHEI value which was less than the first point ( 0.0927), the amount of SHDI (0.0927), PR(7000), PD (2.507), and NP(2058000) indices grater than second point obtained. Discussion and Conclusion: The use of landscape metrics with regard to their capabilities can be a useful step to early identification of the impacts of development on the structure of landscape. The proposed approach can be the basis for developing a new method to understanding the effects of landscape changing in planning and management fields.