چكيده لاتين :
This study aimed to investigate social and cultural factors affecting students’ attitudes toward violence against women. This study was conducted using a survey method among 400 male students of public universities in Mazandaran province who were selected based on stratified probabilistic sampling method and using theories of Liberal Feminism and Social Learning. The results revealed that the majority of participants (72/5%) had a negative, more than 26% of them had a medium, and more than 1% of them had a positive attitude toward violence against women. Also, the results of multiple regression analysis show that the independent variables of perceived norm qualities of significant others, traditional attitudes towards women, perceived reaction qualities of significant others, perceived rewards, and traditional marital role expectations, respectively have the greatest impact on the dependent variable. In general, the results confirm the propositions of the theories of liberal feminism and social learning and they show that the issue of violence against women and the attitudes toward it, is not inevitable, rather it is created under the influence of the structure and ideology that governs society and the social ties of the individual with those around him and the rewards and punishments he receives during his actions.
Keywords
Attitude, Violence against Women, Liberal Feminism, Social Learning
Extended Abstract
Introduction: Today, violence against women is recognized as a social issue that overshadows the physical and mental health of individuals, families and societies and is an obstacle to progress and development in societies. One of the determining factors on the incidence and prevalence of violence against women is the attitude towards it. In fact, attitudes toward violence against women are an important factor in men committing it, how they react to victims of this type of violence in intimate and formal relationships, as well as how women victims and those around them react to it (Flood & Pease, 2009, p. 126). Therefore, gaining knowledge about the attitude of individuals towards violence against women is considered as a primary and fundamental step in reducing and controlling this social issue.
Objectives: The objectives of the present study are: assessing attitudes toward violence against women, explaining attitude towards violence against women in terms of variables inferred from the theories of Liberal Feminism and Social Learning, examining the relationship between each of the variables of theory Of Liberal Feminism and Social Learning with Each Dimension of Attitudes Toward Violence Against Women, Examining the Explanatory Power of Liberal Feminism Theories and Social Learning in Explaining Attitudes Toward Violence Against Women, and Examining the Political Implications of Liberal Feminism Theories and Social Learning to prevent violence against women.
Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework of the present study is a combination of theories of Liberal Feminism and Social Learning. According to Liberal Feminism, violence against wives is caused by the subordinate position of women in relation to men. In particular, the power differentials between men and women are maintained and reinforced in the intimate relationships that characterize the patriarchal family system. It is argued that the very underpinnings of such relations are sustained by an ideology embedded in the system of institutions, including religious, political, and economic systems (Haj-Yahia, 2003, pp. 194-195). Also, according to Social Learning theory, individuals learn and modify new behaviors through the process of modeling. Reinforcement serves to strengthen new behaviors vicariously by observing the consequences of others’ behaviors as well as by direct experience (Haj-Yahia, Wilson, & Naqvi, 2012, p. 1937). Thus, the theory of Social Learning considers violence against women and the attitude towards it as a learnable trait that is formed during the individual social bonds in primary and secondary relationships, rewards and punishments have been received, observed and are predictable in the future and modeling from the observations and experiences achieved from childhood and adolescence.
Method: This study was conducted using a survey method and a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of all male students studying in public universities of Mazandaran province in the academic year 1399-1400, of which 383 were selected and studied using stratified probabilistic sampling. To analyze the data and test the research hypotheses, correlation coefficients and multiple regression were used.
Findings: The findings of this study indicate that most of the participants in the survey had a negative attitude and on the contrary, only a small number of them had a positive attitude towards violence against women. Also, in this research, the results of multiple regression analysis show that the independent variables of perceived norm qualities of significant others, traditional attitude towards women, perceived reaction qualities of significant others, perceived rewards and traditional marital role expectations, respectively have The greatest impact on the dependent variable. In addition, multiple regression analysis related to different dimensions (cognitive, emotional, and behavioral) of attitudes toward violence against women suggests that independent research variables have the greatest impact on the emotional dimension of attitudes toward violence against women.
Results: In general, the results show that the attitude towards violence against women is not inevitable but is influenced by the structure and ideology of the society and the individual's social ties with those around him and the rewards and punishments received through his actions is made. In other words, at the macro level, growing up in a society based on hierarchical structures based on the superiority of men and the inferiority of women, interacts with value and normative patterns that are in place in the minds of individuals in order to maintain and reproduce themselves, and at the micro-level, growing up in the family and social networks that support this structure and ideology are the key factors in shaping the violent attitude towards women in the minds of individuals. Thus, coordinated government efforts to prohibit the use of violence against children and adolescents in the family as much as it is prohibited in school, exposing traditional and unequal patterns of action and norms in children and Adolescents' educational and recreational programs; and trying to correct them by emphasizing egalitarian patterns of action and norms, using active groups to reduce violence against women to change the beliefs, attitudes and orientations of men who have committed violence against their wives, Are some of the cases that are suggested in order to reduce the favourable attitude towards violence against women.
