كليدواژه :
فارسي ميانة زردشتي , وجه , مفاهيم وجهي , گواه‌‍نمايي , بافت
چكيده فارسي :
در اين مقاله، نخست وجه و شيوه هاي بازنمايي آن در زبان ها، معرفي و به نظرات جديد زبانشناسان در طبقه بندي وجه، و نيز مفهوم آن در علم منطق و سنت مطالعات ادبي اشاره مي شود. پس از آن، برخي مفاهيم وجهي و صورت هاي زباني كه بر آنها دلالت دارند، با ذكر مثال هاي متعدد از متون فارسي ميانة زردشتي معرفي مي گردند. در زبان فارسي ميانة زردشتي، وجه از طريق صرف فعل، افعال وجهي، برخي اسم ها و صفت ها و برخي ادوات بازنمايي شده است. افزون بر اين، افعال، اسم ها، صفت ها، ادوات و عبارت هاي ديگري نيز هستند كه طي روند دستوري شدگي، به ابزاري براي بازنمايي وجه بدل شده و بر انواع مفاهيم وجهي مانند حدس و گمان، شك و ترديد، و قصد و درخواست دلالت داشته اند. نتيجة اين پژوهش آن است كه در فارسي ميانه، وجه نه فقط از طريق صرف فعل، بلكه از طريق ساير صورت هاي زباني نيز بازنمايي مي شود و گاهي هم از طريق بافت جمله معلوم مي گردد
چكيده لاتين :
1. Introduction
The speaker’s view or intention of expressing a sentence is called modality. In all languages, modality is represented in two ways: by adding a marker to a verb, which is called mood (such as indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and optative moods in Middle Persian), or by using lexical or syntactic means such as modal verbs, adverbs, nouns, and adjectives. In Middle Persian, both forms have been used, but modality has mostly been discussed in terms of mood. Mood, modal verbs, nouns, adjectives, and particles have been discussed in the grammar books of Middle Persian, but there are other linguistic forms representing modality, which have never been mentioned before. In this article, we are going to fill this gap.
Methodology
First, we introduce modality and how it is represented, then we review linguists' opinions on the classification of modality, the concept of modality in logic and literary studies, and discuss the relation between modality and evidentiality. By presenting evidence from Zoroastrian Middle Persian texts, we introduce some modal concepts indicated by linguistic forms. Our goal is to answer the following questions: Is the representation of modality limited to those forms discussed in the literature? In addition to what has been discussed in the literature, what are the other ways of representing modality? In other words, in addition to mood and modal verbs, what are the other linguistic means of representing modality in Zoroastrian Middle Persian?
Discussion
Along with mood and modal verbs, there are other linguistic forms with modal functions in Zoroastrian Middle Persian. Each of those could indicate various modal concepts. A modal concept might also be represented by various linguistic forms. Therefore, to identify modality, we should consider the context of a sentence. There are many modal concepts, and there might be many common ways of representing them in Middle Persian.
