جستاري در رئاليسم و انواع واقع گرايي در شعر فريدون توللي

An Inquiry into Realism and the Types of Realism in the Poetry of Fereydoun Tavalali

رئاليسم به مثابه مكتبي ادبي در قرن نوزدهم، در پي تحولات فلسفي، علمي و اجتماعي - سياسي نمود يافت: اما توجه به واقعيت در مغرب زمين و ادب كهن فارسي مسبوق است. نمود واقعيت هاي تلخ اجتماعي در ادب معاصر، ابزاري براي خيزش مشروطه خواهي گرديد. از دوره پسامشروطه با نگره هاي رئاليستي همراه با تمايلات سوسياليستي مواجه مي شويم، اين گرايش ها با كناره گيري رضا شاه از قدرت شدت يافت. فريدون توللي شاعر برجسته معاصر، كار ادبي و هنري خود را از اين دوران آغاز كرد. او توانست بوطيقاي شعر سنتي و آزاد را با يكديگر پيوند دهد. حضور قاطع و تاثير گذار او در شعر نو تغزلي و رمانتيك سبب گرديد كه جنبه ديگر شعر او همانا رئاليسم است، در محاق رود. پژوهش حاضر با روش توصيفي - تحليلي به اين بخش از اشعار وي مي پردازد. دستاوردهاي پژوهش نشان مي دهد: توللي كه در دوره نخست شاعري، نداي عصر خويش بود و با رويكرد رئاليسم اجتماعي با شور و هيجان و توسل به طنز، مبارزه اي بي امان را باكزمداري، بيداد و سلطه جويي اسعمار دنبال مي كرد، در پي تلخ كامي شكست نهضت ملي سال 32، سرايش شعر غنائي را وجهه همت خود ساخت و از اين پس، نمودهاي رئاليسمي در شعر او به شيوه سنتي اعم از توصيفي و اعتراضي محدود گرديد. هر چند كه در دو دفتر آخر وي، واقع گرايي اعتراضي نمود بارزتري يافت.

Realism emerged as a literary school in the nineteenth century following philosophical, scientific, and socio-political developments; But attention to reality is unprecedented in the West and in ancient Persian literature. The manifestation of bitter social realities in contemporary literature became a tool for the rise of constitutionalism. From the post-constitutional period, we are confronted with realist views along with socialist tendencies. These tendencies intensified with the resignation of Reza Shah from power. Prominent contemporary poet Fereydoun Tolly began his literary and artistic career from this period. He was able to connect the poetics of traditional and free poetry. His decisive and influential presence in the new lyrical and romantic poetry caused the other aspect of his poetry, which is realism, to disappear. The present study deals with this part of his poems by descriptiveanalytical method. Research achievements show; Tolley, who in the first period of poetry was the voice of his time and followed the unrelenting struggle against colonialism, tyranny and hegemony of colonialism with the approach of social realism with enthusiasm and appeal to humor, followed the bitterness of the defeat of the national movement in . and from now on, the realist expressions in his poetry were limited to the traditional way, both descriptive and protest. In his last two books, however, he protested realism became more pronounced.