كليدواژه :
هنر گرافيتي , هنر خياباني , خوشنويسي , نقاشي‌خط
چكيده فارسي :
گرافيتي، هنري براي انتقال پيام است كه با ترسيم حروف و تصاوير بر روي ديوار‌‌هاي شهر صورت مي‌‌گيرد. انسان‌‌هاي اوليه براي شكار و به‌عنوان جادو تصاوير و نقش‌‌هايي را روي ديوار غارها ترسيم مي‌‌كردند، اما امروزه اين تصاوير را هنرمندان براي بيان مسائل سياسي، اجتماعي و فرهنگي به‌كار مي‌برند. هنر گرافيتي در بسياري از كشورهاي آمريكايي و اروپايي قدمتي ديرينه دارد، اما در ايران سابقۀ چنداني ندارد و يك هنر قانوني محسوب نمي‌‌شود. اين پژوهش، نوشتار در برخي از گرافيتي‌‌هاي شهر تهران را بررسي مي‌‌كند تا ارتباط آن با هنر خوشنويسي مشخص شود. اين تحقيق با روش توصيفي‌تحليلي و با جمع‌آوري اطلاعات به روش ميداني انجام شده است و مي‌‌كوشد تا جايگاه و ارتباط نوشتار در گرافيتي را با خطوط رايج بررسي كند تا مشخص شود كه جنبۀ زيبايي‌‌شناسي يا معناشناسي دارند كه هدف اين پژوهش است. مقالۀ حاضر تأثير خوشنويسي، نقاشي‌خط و خطوط غربي بر روي نوشتار در هنر گرافيتي ايران را به‌عنوان پرسش اين مقاله بررسي مي‌‌كند. دستاورد حاصل از اين پژوهش نمايانگر اين است كه اين نوشتارها چيدمان حروف هستند كه جنبۀ زيبايي‌‌شناسي دارند، در عين حال برخي متني دارند كه بازتاب شرايط جامعه است؛ لذا نوشتار در گرافيتي جنبۀ زيبايي‌‌شناسي و معناشناسي دارد. همچنين نوشتار در هنر گرافيتي با خطوط در خوشنويسي سنتي، نقاشي‌خط و خطوط غربي ارتباط دارد. اين آثار از لحاظ ظاهري شبيه به خوشنويسي سنتي است، اما گرافيتي‌‌نويس‌‌ها با توجه به رعايت‌نكردن قواعد اصلي، تغييراتي در اين خطوط ايجاد كرده و خطوطي بديع ابداع كرده‌‌اند.
چكيده لاتين :
The art of mural painting has a long history in its historical origins. The first forms of murals related to three thousand years BC, were created in prehistoric caves in the form of pictographs (illustrations, letters or letters) using tools such as animal bones and pigments. Prehistoric murals were also painted on cave walls for hunting and magic. Graffiti dates back at least to ancient civilizations such as ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. This art has been popular in different countries; there are examples of this art in Iran. Early in the formation of graffiti art, this art was considered a crime, but today, exhibitions and festivals are held to display these works, and even the works of these artists are sold. This art is not considered a legal art in Iran and usually are exhibited outside of Iran. This art is considered sabotage or vandalism, but today graffiti artists are allowed to perform works on some city walls. This art is to convey a message. These messages can be protest, social, cultural, etc., which is a reflection of the conditions of society and the people of that society. Considering that graffiti art is closely related to protest art and some of them express their protest in the form of rap in music and some of them express their protest and criticism with graffiti art on the walls of cities in the form of pictures and text, but today, the theme and concept of this art has been changed; there are other concepts besides the spirit of protest. By studying the history of graffiti art, it can be seen that graffiti was formed as a protest art in the first place, but today it is even used for advertising. Today, graffiti art is used in advertising, decorating and beautifying the walls of various places such as clubs, cafes, houses, universities. These advertising graffiti works are legal. These promotional works are either designed and executed by the artist or the artist executes the client's selected design. Graffiti writers have been able to create graffiti writing masterfully and in an individual and personal way. Make changes to it and each graffiti will get its own linear style. They have spent years designing their letters and alphabet. Every graffiti artist has his own signature or tag that he has designed and can be seen on the city walls. The tag represents the personality of the owner of the work and is not subject to expression. Public display of tags, signatures, and tags indicates that the graffiti artist is seeking recognition from others. Many of these graffiti artists are self-taught graffiti artists and have nothing to do with their field of study. Graffiti artists usually place their graffiti works on busy city streets to make them more visible to the public. Graffiti writers increasingly focused on the uniqueness and creativity of their work. Elements of Western youth culture have entered Iranian culture and art through graffiti; Iranian youth have used these elements in a new combination with new social, political and cultural conditions; like the Throw Ups on the wall of the Velenjek River, which has much in common with the western Throw Ups. Also in Iranian graffiti works, the influence of Iranian art such as calligraphy is evident. Graffiti writers also make changes to the shape of the calligraphic lines, creating new lines. Sometimes only these lines are similar in appearance to traditional lines; sometimes they follow the rules of traditional lines in details.
Samples of Graphite Works on the Walls Of Velenjak River in Tehran
