بررسي آثار مهاجرت هاي فصلي مردان بر فعاليت هاي زنان روستايي

The Impacts of Menʹs Seasonal Migrations on the Activities of Rural Women

This paper intends to answer such questions as: who would undertake duties of the rural householdsʹ men, migrated temporarily to cities and distant regions, during their absence?; Which economic, social and cultural problems may the women in such families face up while their husbands are away from the village?; and how would the migrants, affected by the life and conditions in the urban environment, influence on the life style of rural households and women? The studied statistical population included 3 provinces, 11 counties, 83 villages, and 553 women living in the seasonal out-migrating households. A multi-stage cluster sampling was conducted as sampling method, and the method of sample selection within the village was simple random sampling. A survey method of research was applied, drawing on questionnaires and interviews as the information gathering techniques. The research has been theoritically based on a gender tendency towards migration. The results indicate that menʹs out-migrating and womenʹs staying in villages have led to the following situations: increased amount of work undertaken by the rural women; adoption of new roles by them; introduction of small children and the elderly people of the villages into the farming and animal husbandry labours; an increase in rural responsibilities in various contexts; changed family.relations; promotion of autonomy; power and authority attained by women in families; changed life style; change in decision-making process within family; increased social dynamics of women; increased and diversified problems for the rural women; and their reliance on the wide networks of relatives, friends, and neighbours.