مساله معدومات ، وجود ذهني و قضيه حقيقيه

The Problem of Non-existing Entities, the mental Being and the Universal Proposition

Naturally, humans are capable of entertaining thoughts, or believing in propositions, about particular individuals or objects. Sometimes they express these thoughts or propositions by uttering declarative subject-predicate sentences, such as "Hafiz was a poet"/ or/ "You are reading a book". It seems to be that occasions in which people entertain thoughts whose subjects do not exist. In such cases, they also express their thoughts by uttering sentences of subject-predicate form, like " the round square is round". and "the golden mountain is high." But there is a general problem as to how one can say something about that which does not exist. According to a great number of Muslim philosophers, it is because of the "mental being" of non-existing entities and of the presence of their quiddity before the mind that we can make any assertion about these entities. We can express the proposition containing them by subject-predicate sentences. In this article, the author will show that the ontological argument of Muslim philosopers is both incapable of resolving the aforementioned problems, and unable to give a correct explanation of the theory of "mental being".