برخي معيارهاي اخلاق پزشكي از ديدگاه محمدبن زكرياي رازي

Rhazesʹs views on medical ethics

There are some important remarks on medical ethics by Muslim physicians such as Mohammad Ibn Zakariay-e- Razi (Rhazes), This paper elaborates Rhazcsʹs views on some ethical issues in medicine in three major points: 1- Health Professionals and observing ethical issues: Rhazes has emphasized on some personality characters that physicians should acquire to perform medical education. For example he believes that a good physician should have some characteristics such as: sound behavior, confidentiality, self-confidence, and also it is necessary to study hard, not to waste time, not to consider medicine as a business, and to respect patients. 2- Ethical issues in research: One of the characteristics which make Rhazes different from other physicians of his time even from Avecina is observing ethical issues in research. Rhazes was stating the reference of each sentence and quotation. In case of giving information without a reference, he used to emphasize the unknown identity of the reference. He criticized plagiarism by physicians. He believed that plagiarism is an inappropriate behavior for a physician. 3- Ethical issues in treatment: In providing healthcare, Rnazes obliged himself to observe ethical norms, trust and commitment to his patients. For example he emphasized that firstly a physician should find out the cause of pain, and then prescribe pain killer. For instance he rejected prescribing opium as an eye pain killer which may cause blindness. Also he believed that polypharmacy may cause harm to patients and he warned US about giving several drugs to a patient