كليدواژه :
فقه عمومي , فتواي تنباكو , مقاومت مدني , فتواي سيد لاري
چكيده لاتين :
In the previous part of this article we pointed out the three theological schools of Najaf, Samarra, and Ghom. These schools are not of the same age. The first one, i.e. that of Najaf, has a relatively long history and its beginnings date back to the fifth century A. H., while the other two schools are not as old, and have been in existance only for the part one hundred years or so. However all three have seen enormous developments in contemporary history. Thus, it is no exaggeration, if we call the recent part of their life the period of deep changes of Ijtihad in the judicial domain of Islam, which comprises the social and practical aspects of Islamic jurisprudence. By contemporary history we mean the period of the jurisprudent activity since the time of the pupils of Sheikh Ansari. It is in this period that all three above mentioned schools began and continued their profound changes. The developments in Shiʹite Ijtihad during this time have been determined by world-wide social and political events that effected Islamic societies, whereby the Shiʹite clergy could not remain indifferent. Hence, Shiʹite jurisprudence underwent various changes in its public, political, private, and penal codes. In this part of the article we seek to briefly discuss the effective factors that led to these changes, presenting exemplary cases through authoritative documents
