كليدواژه :
گاز طبيعي , LNG , خط لوله صلح , مكانيسم قيمت گذاري , JCC , نفت خام برنت , صادرات گاز
چكيده لاتين :
Rapid increase in the demand for gas has turned what was a buyerʹs market to a sellerʹs market. As a result, pricing of gas price has become an ever more important issue that is under discussion by many experts. There are various methods of pricing defined with regard to theoretical issues and trade principles, but only some of these are applicable at the present time and others have remained more theoretical. Most gas exporting countries wish to have their gas priced at the equivalent level of oil prices, in terms of energy content or at least have gas price changes at the same rate as for petroleum prices, in order to encourage expansion of gas development projects. This is why in European countries the index of Oceania and Asian LNG prices is based on petroleum prices. This is also the case in Japan as the main LNG importer. It is expected that gas demand increases significantly in the long run, compared to other fuel resources. It is therefore expected that natural gas prices will continue their upward trend in the future.
A study of the natural gas pricing process, shows that unlike LNG, the price of natural gas is often lower than other energy alternatives (petroleum and oil products). There are two specific features of gas trade that are different from petroleum transactions, namely: 1) intense interdependence of exporter and importer due to the impossibility of saving gas at least during the contract period and 2) high risk of investment. Considering these particular features, prices mentioned in contracts should be calculated in such a way as to maintain gas supply security while providing the possibility of changing the contract price in case there is a change in other fuel prices (especially competing fuels), in order to maintain suppliersʹ interest. Thus, main principles to be considered in negotiation of gas export are: determining the relational index of gas and petroleum prices, the fixed portion of price, minimum and maximum prices, and determining the time period for price revisions in the gas pricing formula. The gas price has to be fixed in a competitive manner in relation to other fuel prices
The present paper assesses the mechanisms of pricing gas export through pipelines and compares it to the other mechanisms and analyzes its future challenges.
JEL classification: Q41, Q32, Q31, 022, Lll, LIS, C65
