بررسي رابطه ي آلودگي هوا، آلودگي آب، مصرف انرژِي و رشد اقتصادي در ايران 83 -1359

A Study of the Relationships between Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Energy Consumption, and Economic Growth in Iran: 1980-2004

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is one of the most popular hypotheses in the study of the relationship between economic growth and pollution. In this paper, we test for this relationship under four conditions: (a) when the development criterion is per capita income; (b) when the development criterion is per capita energy consumption; (c) when the pollution criterion is water pollution and finally (d) when the pollution criterion is air pollution. However, before undertaking any EKC hypothesis test we determine the causality direction amongst the variables. Using the Toda-Yamamoto approach (Modified Wald test). We identify three unidirectional relations: (a) from C02 emissions to per capita income, (b) from C02 emissions to per capita energy consumption, and (c) from per capita energy consumption to water pollution. The results indicate that the EKC hypothesis is not refuted for C02-energy consumption case, but is refuted for relationships between C02 emissions and per capita income, and water pollution and per capita energy consumption.