چكيده لاتين :
Nowadays, with population growth in urban areas, providing safe water and health are considered as the basic needs of human, alongside the various pollutants due to urban activities, agriculture and industrial areas on adjacent ranges into urban water resources around the environment is such that study necessary to prevent the pollution of water resources and identification of pollution sources shows. The aim of this paper to identify research sources of water pollutants Sabzevar range of water supply in the city is using the data available.
Sabzevar city with more than thousand years old and with a population of about 220 thousand people point to as the second city after Mashhad City in North East of Iran, today in the field of providing good quality drinking water with pollution problems that the groundwater resources of the serious issues is. Level range studied for this purpose, which is equal to 210.75 square kilometers Sabzevar drinking water sources (including 24 deep wells), the plain reservoir Sabzevar in the north, northwest and the West at intervals between 5 to 65 kilometer supply is .Therefore, the range affecting water resources include Sabzevar Northern Plains reservoir Sabzevar (code 4735) limit the salty river (Kal Shur) Sabzevar (main drainage plain) is. Drinking water of Sabzevar from underground water supply of plain Sabzevar affected various human activities (urban, agricultural and industrial) various pollutants into drinking water confine is Sabzevar. Recognizing the importance of these resources and also the amount of pollutants injected urban water infections, this study is trying to line with the comprehensive plan Sabzevar water pollution , water with good quality required for this area and reduce potential pollution of water resources must be examined. In case of Pollutants in urban water resources, several studies by various experts as a way accepted that some of them believe that the origin of urban drinking water pollutants due to human exploitation of the environment form of modern agriculture is a way, that the use of fertilizers for increasing efficiency of production and chemical pesticides against plant diseases and pests has aggravated this trend. On the other hand some believe that due sewages important activity centers, factories and urban pollution due to new types of heavy metals to soil and water, drinking water pollution in urban areas brings obtain. Range studied the amount of 1757.5 hectares of irrigated agricultural lands, 8611 hectares of non-irrigated agricultural lands, 1803 hectares garden land, 214582 urban population, rural population of 22162 people, 435 industrial units and there are 132756 animal units due to their emission into the resources groundwater is. Pollution of water resources due to the effect of effluent and sewages accept, share or pollution brunt due to activity or pollution center to two factors, Association sewage and wastewater volume and intensity and concentration of pollutants in depends. Amount of sewage, waste water and its effluent normally obey the water volume. Parts for use in potable, industrial and agricultural water from different sources of groundwater, the amount in the range of 206.77 million cubic meters effective water pollution reduction projects Sabzevar water is obtained. This amount, 178.9 million cubic meters (%86.51) in agriculture, 21.1 million cubic meters of drinking (% 10.21) in urban, 3.67 million cubic meters (%1.78) in rural drinking, 1 million cubic meters (%0.49) in livestock and drinking and 2.1 million cubic meters (%1.01) in industry is consumed.Anabestani,A.A. and Ghorbani,.M. __14
Provide the necessary water resources for sustainable urban population Sabzevar, in 1969 the first wells to provide drinking water in Sabzevar Kaskan lands were drilled numerous wells in the Kaskan village lands and Kolut lands in the north city and lands called to Bafreh (Mehr) were drilling, the number of wells for drinking in urban circuit Sabzevar currently has reached 24 loop.
These rates of water extraction of water annually 21.1 million cubic meters, have reported that this amount 51.7 percent of area wells Bafreh (Mehr), 25.1 percent of the Kolut lands wells and 23.2 percent of the wells obtain Kaskan lands Hill.
Table 1: Spatial distribution of water resources in the range plan to separation use type in 2006
Range Number Average discharge lit/s Annual discharge m3/y Percent
Agriculture 741 8.8 178877420 86.51
Urban drinking 24 29.6 21111408 10.21
Rural drinking 56 4.4 3675328 1.78
Livestock drinking 78 1.57 1018266 0.49
Industry 307 1.72 2090601 1.01 j
Total 1206 6.74 206773023 100 |
For calculating the share of the main sources of pollution emission in the range of effective water Sabzevar must achieve a single indicator, the features related to groundwater quality is measured, including PH, Electrical conductivity, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate, Turbidity, total hardness, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and etc. Measured characteristics of these materials, soluble Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate and partly Tiff Construction of indicators of human contamination are. Here, the existence of human-induced Nitrate, especially in the agricultural sector, the share of emissions among the operating range of pollutant sources, the plan is:
Agricultural pollutant resources - Given that the plain Sabzevar range plan and one of the most important agricultural centers in the Razavi Khorasan is considered, the main fields of activity of agricultural employment in this area can be considered. Considering the pattern of cultivation and consumption of fertilizers in the range plan, the amount of Aluminum Nitrate and Urea fertilizer, respectively 3003.7 tons and 1867.2 is estimated. Considering that about 20 percent of the fertilizers used to spread the possibility of groundwater on range plan are pollution brunt due to Nitrate fertilizers (nitrogen) in the Annual Plan digit range over 974.1 tons will be. Therefore, the amount of pollutants in due to agricultural chemical fertilizers would be significant. In addition to chemical fertilizers every year great amount of contaminated water make the project range, use various types of chemical insecticides to combat pests, diseases and weeds in the range of projects is common. Amount of pesticides used in 2007-8 with the cultivation pattern and consumption in farm and garden products, equivalent to 29.6 thousand liters was estimated. Pesticides used in three categories, pesticides, herbicides and fungicide are divided. With the possibility that about 5 percent of pesticides used by agricultural soil to groundwater was taken about 1481 liters per year of chemical toxins into the waters range plan that is in the share of such herbicides (2.4.D, Karbendazm and Mancozeb) with about 55.7 percentage Note. Finally, last factor in the agricultural sector (agriculture and horticulture) contamination from animal fertilizers spread in farms and gardens range emerge, is estimated at one kg animal fertilizer exists 35 mg Nitrate that Including 59915.2 tons of animal fertilizer used in agriculture area, the rate of nitrogen pollution caused by animal fertilizer manure annually over 209.7 tons will be. Urban and rural Pollutants - of wastewater discharged from the annual figure Sabzevar 13.4 million cubic meters shows, and the total pollution load in this space, 3054.6 tons will be. Estimated 35 mg per liter of Nitrogen compounds in sewage Sabzevar that eventually converted to Nitrate is available, on pollution brunt from nitrogen compounds in sewage Sabzevar about 469.4 tons per year is estimated. Besides, the contamination due to activity level hospitals Sabzevar, equivalent to 7 tons per year of nitrogen compounds would be. Therefore, the total pollution load of nitrogen compounds in Sabzevar digit equivalent 476.4 tons is estimated. Emission rate due to the presence of the rural population ranges according to plan annual production of sewage, namely 707.7 thousand cubic meters and the assumption that the rate of Nitrogen compounds in the wastewater of rural population is equal to sewage Sabzevar, pollution load of nitrogen compounds per year against 24.8 tons is estimated. The amount of pollution caused by the presence of livestock and poultry in the range of annual plan 15.3 tons is estimated.
Industrial pollutants - Due to the presence of over 175 industrial units, 4 leather production units and 256 Brick kilns units on range plan, the annual amount of 855 thousand cubic meters of sewage and 424.9 tons of pollution is produced. Between industries based at range plan leather units without permission that on border of South Sabzevar City placed, greatly importance is. Given that the rate of nitrogen compounds in industrial wastewater of about 30 milligrams per liter is estimated the rate of pollution caused by industrial waste digit year over 25.7 tons shows that the amount of 59.88 percent owned 175 industrial units, 35.83 percent owned 4 leather production unit and 4.29 percent to 256 Brick kilns units is allocated. Study findings show that the main sources of pollution emission computed share, in the confine of effective water Sabzevar in the nitrate due to human activities, especially in agriculture, to study the share emission factors range between pollutant sources, the plan is. Thus, the share of agricultural pollutants in the section on pollution brunt from nitrogen compounds in the 1183.8 tons (%68.6), share of pollutants in the section on urban and rural pollution from nitrogen compounds in the 516.4 tons (%29.9) share industrial pollutants in the section on pollution from nitrogen compounds in the annual 25.7 tons (%1.5) is estimated. Thus pollutants challenge farmers share in the highest range water resources plan to reduce water pollution Sabzevar allocation range and the share and fertilizers used in farms area, between pollutants more important than other sources is entitled.
Table 2: The amount of pollution brunt due to pollutant resources of water in Sabzevar City at range plan on 2008
r [Row 1 Range Sewage production m3/y Total pollution brunt ton/y Nitrogen po brunt Amount ton/y llution percent
1 ! 2 i Agricultural pollutants Urban and rural Pollutants Industrial pollutants Total 14709586 855012 15564598 1495.5 4963.5 424.9 6883.9 1183.8 516.4 25.7 1725.9 68.6 29.9 1.5 100
Regard to research results, attempting to promote low input agriculture (use less chemical inputs) and optimal management and incorporate the inputs on one hand and implementation on the other hand the following programs can reduce water pollution sources Sabzevar lead:
• Project completed sewage collecting network-level development and implementation Sabzevar development plan of sewage refinery;
• Isolation industrial sewages from urban wastewater infiltration separately with the muster network set up and refinery sewage in the industrial units;
• Circulated water management plan created with the aim of refined urban wastewater in agricultural area sector;
• Plan to reform and cleaning with Hungarian and existing channels in order to prevent water pollution through sewage and waste;
• Plan recognition and status of groundwater conditions confine plan to complete underground water resources database;
