صورتبندي مذهبي- سياسي جامعه ايراني در عصر صفويه

POLITICAL-RELIGIOUS FORMATION OF IRANIAN SOCIETY IN THE SAFAVID ERA

This study is a description about the development of ceremonies and rituals and also the formation of religious system and the type of its opposition with the political system, after the official declaration of Asna Ashari (twelve Imams) Shiism in the Safavid Dynasty. The author believes that at least four development periods can be considered in Iranian rituals in the Safavid era. The first period is related to Shah Ismaeil including the harmonization process of the religion. Another period is considered as the appearance of Shah (king) Abbas I, along with the popularization of religious practices and disciplines. In the third period, probably Shah Thahmasb and Shah Safi had emerged and dramatic aspects had entered these Rituals. Finally in the period of the weak Safavid Shahs (kings) such as Sulaiman and Hussein, religious dogmatism has been significantly developed. On this basis, the relationship between Ulema (Religious Authorities) and Shah (King) can be described in three historical and mental fields. The author argues that Ulema got wealthier more then ever and they were in mush higher position than kings in social perspectives, although because of political limitations they had to follow the political system.