پارادوكس تعيين حد

The Paradox of the Determination of Bound

Based on the description of the real structure of our conception of the world, P. F. Strawsonʹs descriptive metaphysics, similar to Kantʹs empirical Realism, deals with determining the limitations of empirical knowledge of the world. In this case, Kantʹs transcendental Idealism seems to be an incoherent doctrine which can yield a skepticism which the critical philosophy seeks to solve. Strawson rejects Kantʹs Transcendental Idealism in that it considers two limits, which leads to the paradox of delimitation. Yet, the question is: Can Strawsonʹs descriptive metaphysics depict the limitations of our knowledge without considering both limits? It seems that he has adopted a language that chains us to some metaphysical constraint, which is opposed to the sketch of the descriptive metaphysics. Thus, he is engaged in the same paradox which he discovered in Kant. It seems that thinking on the limit is essentially paradoxical; so skepticism can not be solved by appealing to it. Keywords: determination of bound, empirical realism, transcendental realism, transcendental arguments, principle of meaningfulness, descriptive metaphysics. Criticism of Finnisʹs Natural Law Theory Mohammad Hosein Talebi During many centuries, "Natural Law" doctrine has been interpreted in different ways; so there have been propounded various theories which trace back to the ancient Greek age, and which today play a central role in the domains of social sciences. One theory as regards the natural law is Aquinasʹs theory of natural law; and a recent popular explication of Aquinasʹs position is John Finnisʹs interpretation. According to Finnis, an action is wise only when it is done to gain one of the basic goods. These goods, on Finnisʹs view, are: life, knowledge, skilled ^ performance, play, friendship, marriage, practical reasonableness, and religion. Each of these goods is self-evident, intrinsic, independent of each other, having equal V value, and non-based on facts. The essay firstly explains Finnisʹs natural- law theory; and then, based on the doctrines of Islamic Transcendent Theosophy, it offers a criticism of Finnisʹs theory.