كليدواژه :
تزيينات , خانه دوره قاجار , سازه , فضاي معماري , گونه شناسي
چكيده فارسي :
امروزه در شهر اصفهان چند صد خانه شاخص تاريخي وجود دارد، بررسي‌ها نشان مي‌دهد تاكنون با وجود نقش، تنوع و ويژگي‌هاي خاص، مطالعات كاملي درباره آنها صورت نگرفته است، اما به واسطه وجود نمونه هاي با ارزش از دوره‌هاي مختلف تاريخي، در معرض تخريب قرارگرفتن آنها به واسطه تغيير شيوه زندگي، تعدد مالكين، مهاجرت و به طور كلي از دست دادن جذابيت‌ها براي زندگي امروز، بررسي اين خانه‌ها ضروري است. به دليل آنكه بيشترين تعداد خانه‌هاي تاريخي موجود اصفهان، قاجاري مي باشند در اين مقاله به گونه شناسي خانه‌هاي دوره قاجار اصفهان پرداخته شد. روش تحقيق مورد استفاده تركيبي بود. نتايج حاصل از مطالعه نشان دادند خانه‌هاي اصفهان با مشخصات معماري اقليم نيمه گرم و خشك، عمدتاً درونگرا ساخته شده‌اند و آنها را براساس ويژگي‌هاي فضاي معماري، سازه و تزيينات مي‌توان به سه گونه دوره اول، دوم و سوم تقسيم كرد.
چكيده لاتين :
Nowadays hundreds of outstanding Ghajar houses exist in Isfahan. Investigations indicate that in spite of their shape, variety and distinctive features, no serious study has been carried out about them. Whereas with regard to the special conditions of this city as far as age, political importance, the existence of special quarters for various religious sects in the past, and due to their being vulnerable because of changes in life styles, variety ofowners, migration; and on the whole, losing its attractions for present- day life, a study of Isfahan houses is essential. The research method which is used in this study is combinatory. It is considerable at the results of this study that Isfahan houses have mostly been built with an introvert inclination and architectural specifications of a semi-arid and warm climate; and that they can be divided into three types; based on their architectural space features, structure and decorations. Type one includes those which are built in early days of Ghajar dynasty. These houses are veryintrovert and similar to those which has built during the Safavid era. The central hall is usually cross-shaped with a dome ceiling and a height of two floors.The adjacent rooms can be made possible through two lateral located halls. The skyline is horizontal, the yard is as a complete rectangle, the rooms are usually rectangular and acute angles are used in the facade. The doors and windows have two parts with a wooden horizontal dual between them. The stairs and vertical passageways are incosiderable. Type two Includes those which are built during the second half of Ghajar Era. The most important historical feature of this era is the beginning of extensive and unilateral effects of western art and architecture on Iran; This is accompanied by a mixture of traditional architecture and European classical architecture. These effects are initially noticed in decorations. In this era semi-circular arches, European style, and realistic frescoes were greatly common. Posters, pictures, and wall-paper were used in decorating the interior partsof houses. Very fine and delicate Boteʹ Jegheh shapes were used to decorate halls, windows and flower-pots. Nice hallways were among artistic masterpieces andusing colored glass prevailed in this era. In this period more attention was paid on the yard facade. The prevalence of wooden ceilings instead of traditional ceilings was impressed by west and the possibility of faster implementation was the most important development in structures of Isfahan traditional houseswith more decorative variety.
Type three includes a house with patterns grown out of mountainous regions and is one consisting of a winter section and a summer section on top of each other. This type is under the effect of Bakhtiari rulers of Isfahan and symbols of foreignerʹs tastes. Moreover, the construction of a porch in front of the main front of the building and higher elevation of the main front from the ground, alteration of the basement to the ground floor, alteration of the skyline to a curve or triangle, and stairs gained importance were some of the most effective factors.
