نرخ باروري و ميزان مشاركت زنان در نيروي كار (مطالعه ي مورديِ كشورهاي خاورميانه و شمال آفريقا)

Fertility Rate and Womenʹs participation in Labor Force Case Study: Middle Eastern and North African Countries

Nowadays taking women and their role in society into consideration is unavoidable and one of the biggest developments during the past 100 years is the increase in womenʹs participation in economic & social affairs. In this way, it is important to consider the relationship between womenʹs participation in laborʹs Market as an important and affective factor in economic growth and fertility rates as an effective factor in population growth. The extent of womenʹs participation in different affairs is the most important factor in the economic growth and development of a country. But in many developing countries especially in Middle East and North Africa womenʹ role in economic and social activities is rather low. Statistics reveal that womenʹs participation in labor force in these regions during 2004 is 27/1%, however for the OECD group countries this figure is 44.2% while the world average is equal to 40%. The figures illustrate the weakness in this group of countries in contrast to other regions and worldʹs average. On the other hand, fertility rates in this region are very high in contrast with 20 other regions. Accordingly in 2004, in North Africa, Middle East the figure was 3 while in OECD countries it was equal to 1.6 with the world average mounting to 2.6. This paper evaluates the cause and effect relationship between fertility rate and womenʹs role in labor force for Middle East and North African countries during 2004-1980. The study aims to find out whether thereʹs a relationship between fertility rate and women role in labor force. And provided thereʹs a relationship, does an increase in participation role have a decreasing effect on the fertility rate? Or on the contrary does a decreased fertility rate affect increased participation role? Hsiao causality test is used for research analysis, which is an improved granger causality test. Research results show that during the time interval and in the case study regions, the fertility rate changes affect womenʹs role in labor force and so fertility rate is a cause of changes in womenʹs role in labor force. Considering the results, we can identify the changes in womenʹs roles that affect fertility rate. Accordingly, an increase in fertility rate can lead to a decrease in womenʹs labor force and consequently a decrease in their participation at work. Similarly, an increase in womenʹs employment and participation in economic affairs will lead to a decrease in the fertility rate. Bearing in mind the importance of the role of women as active population in a society, the research suggests that the studied countries should pave the way for an increase in womenʹs participation in various economic and social affairs and at the same time provide health services and facilities including education for fertility and birth control.