بازانديشي نظريه سعادت در فلسفه اسلامي

Rethinking about “Theory of Welfare” in Islamic Philosophy

سعادت به عنوان مساله‌اي فلسفي از اين جهت كه مبين برترين منزلت و غايت كمال عقل و فضل آدمي است پيوسته محل توجه فيلسوفان قرار گرفته است. آيا همه فيلسوفان يك معنا از سعادت را در نظر داشته‌اند؟ آيا در تعين و مصداق آن اتفاق نظر دارند؟ آيا سعادت به معناي فلسفي مي‌تواند مفاهيم ديني يا اخلاقي را در بر داشته باشد؟ اين منزلت، اگرچه از حيث مفهوم و معناي مصطلح تا حدودي مورد اتفاق است، مصداق و تعين خارجي آن به غايت مورد اختلاف بوده و با آرا و نظريات گوناگون مواجه گرديده است، كه از اين ميان اهم يافته‌ها و نظريات مشهور عبارتند از : اتحاد با صور نوراني، اتصال به عقل فعال، تمثّل عالم وجود در نفس حكيم، و تجربه اصحاب سلوك دانستن سعادت، كه محور مشترك همه آنها انحصار سعادت در محصول معرفت فلسفي و تنزيه نفس از لذت‌هاي غير عقلي است. در بازانديشي انتقادي ضمن بررسي چيستي و عينيت سعادت در فلسفه اسلامي تامّلات و انتقادات از نگاه فلسفي و ديني تاكيد گرديده است.

Since Welfare, as a philosophical issue, has considered as an indication of man’s highest intellectual status and dignity, it always attracted the philosopher’s attention and they continuously asked weather: -Did all philosophers agree about the same meaning of welfare? -Did they agree about its determination and dimensions? -Can welfare from the philosophical meaning contain religious or ethical concepts? This intellectual status although from ordinary definition and conceptual aspect is partially accepted, but its external determination was always controversial and caused diverse approaches between philosophers among them the following are notable: unity with luminous forms, connection with Active intellect, representation of existing world within theologian soul, and taking welfare as personal experience of mystic. All these approaches agree that welfare is the only product of philosophical knowledge and purity of soul from non-rational pleasures. But since all these approaches ignore every humanistic and religious knowledge and other non-philosophical mediates in attaining this intellectual status and emphasize that this kind of knowledge is exclusively related to intellect and soul of theologians, it can be criticize from interaction aspect between philosophical and religious teachings. In this paper, in order to rethinking of welfare category, alongside of analyzing the nature and objectivity of the welfare in Islamic philosophy, we have presented a religious and philosophical meditation and critic