مفاهيم اساسي در انديشه سياسي ماكياولي

The Fundamental Concepts of Machiavelli’s Thoughts

نگرش واقع‌گرايانه و يا آرمان‌گرايانه به پديده‌ها و مفاهيم عرصه سياست به مثابه دو روي ژانوس دو چهره مورد نظر «موريس دورژه» گاهي در تعارض با يكدگير و گاه به موازات هم و يا به‌صورت تلفيقي و همزمان مورد استفاده متفكران سياسي واقع شده است. هر چند شواهدي از نگرش واقع‌گرايانه در انديشه متفكرين سياسي يونان باستان از جمله در نزد ارسطو را مي‌توان جستجو كرد ولي سهم و جايگاه ماكياولي در اين ميان منحصر به فرد است. او مفاهيم بديعي را در ادبيات سياسي غرب ابداع نموده است مخصوصاً اگر به تاريخ و جغرافياي مفاهيم اساسي انديشه‌هاي وي توجه داشته باشيم خواهيم ديد كه در دوره انتقالي از قرون وسطي به عصر جديد و سپس عصر روشنگري ماكياولي داراي نقش به سزايي است. مفهوم واقع‌گرايي و نگرش واقع‌بينانه او به نظر مي‌رسد كه در ميان ساير مفاهيم مورد ابداع‌اش داراي محوريت و اهميت بنيادي است كه در اين نوشتار مورد بررسي قرار مي‌گيرد.

The history of contemporary political philosophy has passed highly vicissitude historical periods. From ancient up to the present time, new fundamental evolutions in the current concepts and approaches in the study of political science have been occurred and accomplished by well-known thinkers and authorities. According to Duverger, the realistic outlook on the phenomenon and concepts of the political field is considered by the political thinkers as in the position of two faces of double-spirit genius, sometimes as opponents and sometimes in parallel or incorporating simultaneously with each other. Although the signs of realistic outlook can be sought among the ancient Greek political thinkers such as Aristotle, the place of Machiavelli in this area of philosophical reflection is unique. He invented new concepts in western political literature if we consider his surrounding historical and geographical conditions. Taking that into account, we will observe that he has played an essential role in the beginning of era of intellectuality and the period of transition from middle to modern age. His concept of realism and realistic outlook seems to be central and of significant importance among his other invented concepts that we will emphasize in the present paper.