پايبندي به معاهدات بين‏المللي در روابط خارجي دولت اسلامي

Keeping to International Treaties in the Foreign Relations of Islamic Government

پايبندي به معاهدات بين المللي، از مسايل مهم در روابط بين الملل است و با بررسي آن از نگاه اسلام، علاوه بر تبيين ميزان پايبندي دولت اسلامي به معاهدات، مي تواند به عنوان چارچوبي براي دستگاه ديپلماسي كشور مورد توجه قرار گيرد. روش بررسي ديدگاه اسلام، مراجعه به آيات و روايات به شيوه استدلال فقهي است؛ از اين رو، مهم ترين رهاورد اين پژوهش علاوه بر جواز عقد قرارداد از سوي دولت اسلامي با ساير دولت ها، لزوم پايبندي به معاهدات به عنوان يكي از اصول روابط خارجي دولت اسلامي است و طرح مواردي از عدم پايبندي به صورت استثنا مي باشد. يكي از موارد استثنا، «نقض عهد» از سوي طرف معاهده است كه امري طبيعي در حقوق بين الملل مي باشد. مورد ديگر، «خوف خيانت» از سوي طرف قرارداد مي باشد كه علاوه بر وجود قراين خيانت، بايد لغو آن به طرف مقابل اطلاع داده شود. از ديگر موارد استثنا، ايجاد تزاحم بين پايبندي به معاهدات بين المللي با مصالح و آرمان هاي دولت اسلامي است كه در صورت تحقق، براساس قاعده «اهمّ و مهم» كه به تشخيص وليّ امر مسلمين است، بايد عمل شود.

Among the most important issues in international relations is adherence to international treaties. A review of the Islamic viewpoint of this subject and exposing the scale of Islamic government’s adherence to these treaties can be taken as a framework for the diplomacy apparatus of the country. The Islamic view on this issue is based on the Quranic verses, traditions of the Infallibles and fiqhi evidence. Therefore, the most important finding of this research is that Islam considers adherence to treaties as one of the principles of the foreign relations of Islamic government as a necessity and regards concluding an agreement by Islamic government with other countries as something permissible. Instances of not keeping to agreement are presented as exceptional cases. One of these exceptional cases is "breaking the promise" by one of the sides of the treaty which is not unusual in international law. Another case is "fear of treason" of the one side of the treaty. In this case not only evidence should be regarding the treason should be offered but also the other side should be informed about the invalidation. Another case is the opposition between adherence to international treaties and Islamic interests and ideals. If this case, occurs the principle of "what is important and what is more important" should be observed and it is the legal custodian of society who decides between the two.