تحول شريطه در سبكهاي ادب فارسي

“Development of Shariteh (Prayer for the eulogized) in Persian literary styles”

شعر فارسي در ادوار مختلف انواع قالبهاي شعري را تجربه كرده اما در هر دوره اي قالب خاصي از شعر رونق بيشتري داشته است. در سرآغاز شعر فارسي كه سبك خراساني نام دارد قصيده در اوج خويش قرار داشت. قصايد شامل موضوعات مختلفي مانند مدح، وصف، مفاخره، توصيف جنگها و لشكركشيها، توصيف طبيعت، ذكر مصايب و رنجها و مسايل اخلاقي است. هر قصيده ممكن است از قسمتهاي مختلفي تشكيل شده باشد كه شامل : مقدمه كه معمولا تشبيب، نسيب، تغزّل يا شبيه آن است، تخلّص يعني بيت يا ابيات پاياني كه سبب پيوند مقدمه و متن قصيده ميشود، موضوع اصلي كه همان موضوع قصيده است، و شريطه يا دعاي تابيد است. شريطه و دعاي تابيد مكمل يكديگر و در حقيقت دعاي شاعر در حق ممدوح است. بدين صورت كه يكي از مفاهيمي كه از ديدگاه شاعر متضمن معني دوام و هميشگي است بر زبان وي جاري ميشود و آن را مبناي دعاي خويش در حق ممدوح قرار ميدهد، بگونه اي كه او را در انديشه خويش جاودانه نمايد. آنچه ميتواند مبناي جاودانگي و شريطه شاعر باشد عناصر و مفاهيمي متفاوت است مانند باورها، احكام و مسايل نجومي يا عناصر ذاتي و طبيعي كه جاودانه مي نمايد يا گاهي انديشه هاي فلسفي و مباني منطقي و از اين قبيل. در اين مقاله كوشش شده كه عناصر يا مفاهيمي كه از ديدگاه شاعر جاودانه است و همچنين كاربرد اين عناصر در چهار سبك شعري (خراساني، عراقي، هندي و بازگشت) بررسي شود.

During several periods, Persian verse has experienced various poetic frameworks but at any period, certain structure has been mainly more prevalent. In Khorasani Literary Style, which lies in the outset of Persian verse, ode located at its climax. Odes include several subjects such as eulogy, description, bragging, depiction of wars and troops deployment, explanation of nature, and implication of passions, pains, and ethical issues. Any ode may consist of different parts including: the introduction that comprises usually of Romantic Words (Tashbib), Complaint from Separation (Nasib), Lyricism (Taghazol) or something like them as well as Poet’s Pseudonym (Takhalos), which refers to the final verse or verses of a poem that leads to making a link between introduction and body of an ode; and the main subject i.e. the issue of an ode and confirmation prayer (for the eulogized) or Shariteh. Shariteh or confirmation prayer is complementary together and they are in fact poet’s prayer for the eulogized character in a verse. As a result, one of those concepts, which according to poet’s view means duration and eternity, is pronounced by his/ her tongue and it is the basis for his/ her prayer in favor of the eulogized character in the ode so that to make it eternal and permanent in his/ her mind. What may serve as basis for eternity and confirmation prayer before the poet are several elements and concepts like beliefs, astronomical rules and issues or instinctive and natural elements, which may be seemed eternal or sometimes philosophical thoughts and logical fundamentals and the like. In this essay, it has been tried to review those elements or concepts, which are deemed as eternal from poet’s view, and at the same time application of these elements within four Persian poetic styles (Khorasani, Iraqi, Indian and Return Style).