تحليل و بررسي اولويت‌هاي زنان براي سكونت، در گونه‌هاي اسكان موقت (انتقالي) (موردپژوهي: منطقه 9 شهرداري تهران)

Analysis and Investigation of Women’s Priorities in Choosing Various Possible Types of Temporary (Transitional) Settlement (Case Study: District 9 of Tehran Municipality)

در بحران‌هايي كه منجر به بيخانمان شدن افراد مي‌گردند، ضربتي بودن اقدامات و تفكرات مردسالارانه در پروژه‌هاي اسكان، باعث ناديده انگاشتن نيازها و خواسته‌ها و اولويت‌هاي زنان و در نتيجه افزايش آسيب‌پذيري آنان مي‌گردد. در اين مقاله سعي شده است تا با بهره‌گيري از مطالعات ميداني، موضوع اسكان انتقالي (موقت) با رويكرد جنسيتي مورد مطالعه قرار گيرد. روند كار شامل بررسي تيوري‌ها و ويژگي‌هاي حداقلّي اسكان موقت، شناسايي آسيب‌پذيري‌هاي زنان، و مفهوم‌سازي و استخراج ابعاد و شاخص‌ها و متغيرهاي تاثير‌گذار در مطلوبيت و نيز انتخاب گونه‌هاي اسكان انتقالي است. داده‌هاي مورد نياز بر پايه 380 پرسشنامه در منطقه 9 شهرداري تهران گرد‌آوري شده‌اند. محدوده مطالعاتي جزو مناطق آسيب‌پذير شهر در برابر زمين‌لرزه است كه پتانسيل تعريف گونه‌هاي اسكان انتقالي را در خود دارد. هدف اصلي مقاله، شناسايي اولويت‌هاي زنان براي سكونت در گونه‌هاي اسكان انتقالي، از نظر ابعاد اجتماعي و ادراك محيطي در قالب شاخص‌هاي پايه و كارا و در نهايت شاخص تركيبي است. در نتيجه نهايي مطالعه،‌ مشخص شده است كه در ميان 4 گزينه اصلي اسكان انتقالي، اولويتِ نخستِ زنان همانا سكونت در منازل اقوام و آشنايان است، با امتياز 89/73؛ و اولويت آخر آنان، اسكان در اردوگاه‌هاي برنامه‌ريزي و تجهيز شده، با امتياز 32 (از 100 امتياز).

Today, despite growth & development of technology in many countries, disasters and crisis management has transformed to one of the emerging challenges for managers and planners. Natural disasters and human-caused ones lead to crises by integrating to human vulnerability. The issue of gender in disasters is one of the important & critical aspects of human vulnerabilities. Generally, concentration on gender issues in disasters is a relatively new debate which its commencement refers to the 1990s. Existing researches in the field of gender and disaster are confined especially in the branch of temporary settlements. In addition, most programs in the area of temporary settlement, locking a gender approach, are concentrated on creating planned camps inside or outside the city. In programming for transitional settlements, the critical strategy is perception of this fact that transitional settlements have been chosen by the displaced populations. This understanding will determine which options should be supported and how the supports should be offered, at each phase of response. In this paper, efforts are taken to investigate the issue of transitional (temporary) settlement based upon a gender approach by benefiting from the field studies in district 9 of Tehran, one of the most vulnerable districts in this city by having the potential for defining transitional settlement types. The procedure includes surveying theories and basics of temporary settlement, detection of women vulnerabilities, and then conceptualization and extraction of dimensions, indicators and effective variables in desirability of transitional settlements. In this paper, social aspects and environmental perception of different types of transitional settlement have just investigated with variables such as security and protection, privacy and human dignity, willingness to participation, viability and vitality, amenity and discipline. The number of necessary samples from the statistical community (the women residing in district 9 of Tehran), according to Cochran Formula was determined 380 persons. In the current research, the random sampling method was used for selection of samples; and at the end, the data gained from SPSS software have been analyzed statistically. The main objective of this paper is prioritizing transitional settlement types in the format of the single indicators and combined ones defined by women. In this regard, the final result of study showed that among main options of transitional settlement from women’s viewpoint, settlement in the host families and collective centers are the highest desirabilities (73.89 points) and planned as well as equipped camps have the least desirabilities (32 point) out of 100. According to this, in order to settle the women residing in district 9, the planners and disaster managers shall support the choice of settlement with host families and collective centers and minimize the women vulnerabilities in the conditions prone to getting homeless by detecting the weaknesses strengths,opportunities and threats of these options, and by providing appropriate strategies too.