بررسي مباني فقهي حكم قصاص مادر در قتل فرزند

قتل جزو قبيح‌ترين اعمال انساني و جنايت‌بارترين رفتار بشري است و در فقه شيعه مجازات قتل عمد به طور عام قصاص مي‌باشد. بر اين اصل كلي، قتل فرزند توسط پدر استثنا شده است كه به تبع آن، حكم مادر در اين مسيله مطرح مي‌شود و با توجه به استحكام ادله مخالفان قصاص مادر، ضرورت بررسي دوباره مباني فقهي آن احساس مي‌شود. بدين منظور اين مقاله به تنقيح مناط حكم پدر از طريق الغاي خصوصيت او پرداخته و بر خلاف نظر مشهور كه «رابطه ابوّت» را ملاك حكم مي‌داند، «رابطه والديت » به عنوان مناط حكم از ادله مزبور استنباط شده است و با توجه به ديگر مناقشات وارده در ادله موافقان قصاص مادر و همچنين ادله ارايه شده در مدعاي بحث، مادر را در حكم عدم قصاص در قتل فرزند، ملحق به پدر دانسته و حتي با توجه به شمول روايات نسبت به مادر، شموليت حكم نسبت به مادر، از همان ابتدا بدون نياز به الحاق ممكن دانسته شده است.

Murder is among the most abominable human acts and the most criminal behavior of mankind; in Shi’a jurisprudence, punishment for deliberate murder is qisas (retaliated punishment) in general. On the basis of this general principle, murder of child by father is regarded as an exception. On that account, the ruling concerning the mother in this respect is set forth and with respect to the solidity of evidences of the opponents to the qisas of the mother, a reappraisal of the legal principles of this ruling is being felt. To this end, the present article deals with the refinement of the basis of the ruling concerning the father through annulment of his specificity, and contrary to the generally accepted view, which regards the “paternal relation” as the criterion for this ruling, implies the “parental relation” as the annulment of the basis of the ruling implied from the above evidences. Furthermore, given the other disputes entered into the evidences of the proponents of the qisas of the mother as well as the evidences presented in the claim under discussion, the article regards the mother as annexed to the father in the ruling of non-retaliated punishment for murder of the child, and even given the inclusion of the traditions in relation to the mother, it considers as possible the inclusion of the ruling to the mother from the very beginning and without need for annexation.