حكمت خالده و جايگاه طبيعت در جهانبيني و معماري معابد اديان مختلف

Sophia Perennis and Nature’s Place in Ideology and Temples Architecture of Religious Sites

اديان در جهان سنتي به عنوان عنصر غالب در تعيين خط فكري و آداب و منشهاي جوامع مطرح بوده و در شكلگيري و نحوه گسترش هنرها تاثيري ژرف داشته به طوري كه در جهان سنتي، دين با فلسفه زندگي و هنرها همزاد و همراه است. طبيعت عنصري حايز اهميت در اديان و واجد جايگاهي متفاوت در ايديولوژيها بوده است، به طوري كه در جهانبيني جوامع سنتي عليرغم تشابهاتي كه در آنها ديده ميشود، جايگاه طبيعت از عنصري كه خود خداوند يا جزيي از خداوند به شمار ميرفته تا عنصري شرّ و جايگاه زندگي شيطان متغير بوده است. با اينهمه وجود عناصر مشترك طبيعت در شكلدهي به معماري به عنوان شاخه اي از هنرها كه بيشترين قرابت با محيط و طبيعت را دارد، ميتواند متاثر از ايديولوژيهايي باشد كه در اديان با عنوان «حكمت خالده» مطرح است. در اين راستا پژوهش درصدد پاسخگويي به سوالات زير است : آيا بينشهاي ديني متفاوت در مورد طبيعت باعث تفاوتهايي تاثيرگذار در معماري اديان شده است؟ چه مباحث و عناصر مشتركي در ارتباط با طبيعت در معماري معابد اديان مختلف وجود دارد؟ آيا حكمت خالده يا جاويدان خرد در حوزه آثار هنري مرتبط با اديان، به ويژه معماري قابل گسترش است؟ روش پژوهش، تحليلي و تفسيري- تاريخي است. ابزار و روشهاي گردآوري اطلاعات اسنادي، كتابخانهاي، تهيه فيش، نقشه ها و نمونه هاي آثار معماري هستند. روش تجزيه اطلاعات نيز استدلال قياسي و استدلال استقرايي (استنتاجي) است.

Religions were raised as the dominant elements in ideology and cultural manner of society in traditional world and had profound impact in shaping and the development of arts. Since the emergence of arts and religions, a deep relation between them can be identified. In fact, in the traditional world, all aspects of arts were affected by religions, and religions had always used arts to promote their beliefs. Architecture is no exception to this. In fact, architecture had an important role among other branches of art particularly when it came to the construction of temples as places of worship. Although there are differences between different religions, you can still recognize some fundamental similarities between them. Some similarities between religions are due to an issue which is titled «Sophia Pernnis» or «Pernnial Philosophy». Perennial philosophy is a philosophical concept, which states that each of the world’s religious traditions shares a single truth. Perennial philosophy asserts that there is a single divine foundation of all religious knowledge, referred to as the universal truth. Each world religion, independent of its cultural or historical context, is simply a different interpretation of this knowledge. Sophia Pernnis explains about similarities between some aspects of different religions and the Nature is one of the most important cases of these issues. Nature, in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world, physical world, or material world. Nature refers to the phenomena of the physical world and also to life in general. Nature is the phenomena of the physical world collectively, including plants, animals, the landscape, and other features and products of the earth as opposed to humans or human creations. Regarding religions, it ranges in scale from the elements of nature to the cosmic. On the other hand, nature has had an important place in the beliefs of different religions, although it has been sacred in many religions despite the similarities which are in their ideology, its place has changed from an element that is God or a part of God to devil status. However, there are common elements of nature in shaping the temple architecture of different religions in traditional world and issues such as the Holy Mountain, the Holy Light and the Holy Water are the most important examples of these cases. This research studies the role of these elements in temples architecture of different religions. The main hypothesis of this study is that, as there is «Sophia Pernnis» in the philosophy of the religions, there are some similarities in the architecture of temples which can be cited as «Sophia Perennis». This article will examine the hypothesis pertaining to the elements of nature in different religions. Regarding to these issues, the article studies different religions beliefs (including Hindus, Buddhists, Ancient Greeks and Egyptians religions, Christianity and Islam) about the nature and its elements, and then studies the effects of their beliefs about nature on the architecture of temples. In this context, this research seeks to answer the following questions: • What is the status of Nature in different religions beliefs? • Are there any similarities in the religious beliefs about the status of nature? • Have different religious insights about nature caused effective differences in religions architectures? • What common issues are there in relation with nature in temples architecture of different religions? • Can insights provided by Sophia Perennis be applied to the field of religious art and architecture? The study finds that, as we can identify similarities between all religious beliefs regarding the status of nature, there are some fundamental similarities between religions temple architectures. Therefore, the meaning of «Pernnial Philosophy» or «Sophia Pernnis» can be extended to the architecture of religious temples and the meaning of «Sophia Pernnis» can be used in the field of arts and architecture. The research methodology of this paper is based on qualitative research and research methods are analytic and interpretation-historical. The present research is a fundamental research and regarding to its data gathering method is a library research. Data collection tools and methods of this paper are documents, papers, book chapters and architecture maps and illustrations. Data analysis methods are deductive and inductive reasoning.