نقد وبررسي ادله كاشفيت و ناقليت اجازه در عقد مكره

Evaluation of the arguments over quality of permission as Kashef and Naqel in contracts made under duress

مشهور فقهاي امامي ,معاملات مكره را غير نافذ و صحت و نفوذ آن را متوقف بر اجازه وي ميدانند از اين رو،‏ گروهي از اين فقيهان بر اين باورند كه با ابراز رضا،‏ آثار عقد از هنگام صدور اجازه،‏ مترتب مي شود و در اصطلاح اجازه را ناقل مي دانند. ودرمقابل برخي ديگر (مشهور) معتقدند كه اجازه از هنگام انعقاد عقد موجب تاثير آن مي شود و در اصطلاح اجازه را كاشف مي دانند و البته قايلين به كشف در انتخاب نوع كشف نيز با هم اختلاف دارند. در اين مقاله ضمن بيان تحليل فقيهان از معاملات اكراهي و برشمردن ثمرات عملي كشف و نقل و انواع كشف،‏ به بررسي ديدگاه هاي مهم،‏ با مراجعه به منابع معتبر فقهي و اراي فقهاي شيعه پرداخته مي شود. نويسنده سرانجام برخلاف راي مشهور متاخران به اين نتيجه دست يافت كه اجازه به نحو كشف حقيقي موثراست.

Well known Imami jurists see the contracts made under duress ineffective and believe that the accuracy and fectiveness of such deals is subject to the permission of the person that has been under duress. Thus, a group of these jurists believe that the expression of consent the effectiveness of the deal starts from the time that permission is issued and technically this permission is called Naqel (vehicle). On the other hand, some others (of well known jurists) maintain that permission makes the transaction effective right from when the beginning. This is technically called Kashef (revealer). Of course, those who believe in the latter disagree on how to choose it. In this paper, the literature on juristsʹs arguments regarding contracts made under duress is reviewed and by introducing the applied advantages of "Kashfʹ and "Naql" and the types of Kashf the researcher has investigated the important viewpoints using the credible sources in Fiqh and also the views of Shiiteʹs jurists. Contrary to the view of recent specialists the writer has finally come to the conclusion that permission is effective only if it is of the type of real Kashf.