واكاوي پيامدهاي منفي توسعه گردشگري در مناطق روستايي استان قزوين (مطالعه موردي: روستاي گازرخان)

تحقيق حاضر با هدف واكاوي پيامدهاي منفي توسعه گردشگري در روستاي گازرخان در استان قزوين صورت پذيرفت. به لحاظ روش پژوهش، اين تحقيق از نوع تحقيقات توصيفي- همبستگي محسوب مي‌شود. جامعه آماري اين تحقيق را تمامي سرپرستان خانوار در روستاي گازرخان تشكيل مي دادند (750N=) كه بر اساس فرمول كوكران، تعداد 115 نفر از آنان از طريق روش نمونه-گيري تصادفي ساده براي انجام تحقيق انتخاب شدند. براي گردآوري داده‌ها از پرسشنامه استفاده گرديد. روايي پرسشنامه با نظر پانلي از كارشناسان و پژوهشگران در زمينه موضوع مورد پژوهش مورد تاييد قرار گرفت. براي تعيين پايايي ابزار تحقيق پيش‌آزمون انجام گرفت كه مقدار آلفاي كرونباخ محاسبه شده براي مقياس ميزان اهميت پيامدهاي منفي توسعه گردشگري در روستاي گازرخان در حدود 77/0 بود. به منظور تجزيه و تحليل اطلاعات از نرم افزار SPSSWin18 استفاده شد. نتايج آمار توصيفي نشان داد كه از نظر پاسخگويان مورد مطالعه سه گويه افزايش تمايل روستاييان به استفاده از كالاهاي تجملاتي و تزييني، تاثير رفتار و شيوه زندگي گردشگران بر رفتار و شيوه زندگي روستاييان (تغيير در نوع پوشاك، نحوه سخن گفتن و...) و ايجاد شكاف درآمدي بين روستاييان ساكن در منطقه، به ترتيب بيشترين ميزان اولويت را كسب نموده‌اند. همچنين يافته هاي تحليل عاملي حاكي از آن بود كه پيامدهاي منفي توسعه گردشگري در روستاي گازرخان در چهار عامل اجتماعي- فرهنگي، اقتصادي، زيست محيطي و فيزيكي- كالبدي قرار مي‌گيرند كه اين چهار عامل در مجموع در حدود 03/60 درصد واريانس را تبيين مي‌نمايند.

Constrained by remoteness and underdevelopment, rural areas have limited options for economic development. Traditional ways of earning a livelihood on crops or stock provide the primary sources of income. To stimulate rural economies, it has become inevitable for rural regions to seek alternative uses for local resources. With comparatively advantageous effects in income and employment generation, tourism is an option for enhancing rural lifestyles and for inducing positive changes in the distribution of income in underprivileged regions. This perceived need for a revival of the rural economy has led to the development of catering policies for tourism and recreation out of agriculture’s way in rural areas. Tourism has become the priority tool of rural planning. However, rural tourism like other types of tourism has the negative and positive impacts. The negative impacts of rural tourism sometime outweigh its positive impacts due to lack of appropriate management and planning. Local price inflation, migration of labor force, destruction in the local work structure, participation of women in part-time and low-income works, seasonal patterns of demands, change of local culture patterns, reduction of life patterns, different types of pollutions and residues made by tourists, destroying available animal shelters by constructing new buildings, change of local culture for conforming to tourist’s culture, environmental destruction in the region are some of the most significant negative impacts of rural tourism. Regarding the importance of the topic, the main purpose of this survey was analyzing the negative impacts of tourism development in Gazarkhan village in Qazvin Province. Methodologically, this research was a descriptive- correlation survey. The statistical population in the research consisted of all household heads in Gazarkhan village (N= 750). According to the Cochran formula, 115 persons of household heads were selected by simple random sampling technique. A questionnaire was used to collect the data. A panel of experts confirmed the validity of the questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted to establish reliability of the instrument. Cronbach alphaʹs coefficient for the scale of “importance of negative impacts of tourism development in Gazarkhan village” was 0.77. Collected data were analyzed using the SPSSWin18 software. The descriptive results revealed that three variables including increase of villagers’ willing to use fancy and decorative goods, impact of tourists’ behavior and lifestyle on rural people’s behavior and lifestyle (changes in the type of clothing, speaking style, ...) and create income gap between rural residents in the area, have achieved the highest priority, respectively. Also, the finding of factor analysis of negative impacts of tourism development in Gazarkhan village extracted four factors named as Socio- cultural; Economic, Environmental and Physical impacts explained 60.03% of total variances of negative impacts of tourism development in rural areas.