تاثير سياست‌هاي ايلخانان بر جابه‌جايي مسيرهاي زميني و دريايي حج در جهان اسلام (قرون7-8هق)

The influence of Ilkhanʹʹs policies on the transition of the marine and land routs of Hajj pilgrimage in the Muslim World

چكيده حمله مغولانِ نامسلمان به سراسر اوراسيا، و سقوط خلافت عباسي انقطاع و آشوبي در سراسر جهان اسلام پديد آورد كه مهمترين نتيجه آن به هم خوردن توازن قدرت و وحدت در منطقه بود. با وجود تداوم سلسله خلفاي عباسي در مصر، در روزگار مورد بحث مكه دوباره ام القراي جهان اسلام به شمار رفت. سلاطين مسلمان اعم از سلاطين اقصي نقاط افريقاي غربي، مماليك مصر، ايلخانان، برخي سلاطين اردوي زرين، و ايلخانان، تا سلاطين هند هريك براي تبليغ قدرت و مشروعيت خويش در ميعادگاهِ جهاني حج با همديگر رقابت مي كردند. چنين احوالي بر اهميت راههاي حج بي گمان تاثير داشت. به نظر مي رسد به سبب وقايع فوق و روند تغيير در سياست ايلخانان، جابجايي هايي در مسيرهاي دريايي و زميني حج صورت گرفته باشد. در اين ميان مقاله حاضر بر آن ‌است كه ضمن شناسايي مسيرهاي اصلي حج در گستره جهان اسلام، تاثير سياستهاي ايلخانان بر مسيرهاي مذكور را واكاود. فرضيه تحقيق آن است كه حمله مغولانِ نامسلمان در آغاز، مسيرهاي زميني حج را ناامن ساخت، بنابراين به دليل عدم سلطه مستقيم مغولان بر درياها، مسيرهاي دريايي حج از خليج فارس و درياي سرخ تقويت شد. اما با اسلام آوردن ايلخانان و فروكش كردن نبردهاي مملوكي- ايلخاني به عنوان عاملي در انشقاق در جهان اسلام، تلاشهايي براي تامين امنيت و رفاه در مسيرهاي زميني حج از عراق و بيابان نفود و نجد انجام شد كه موجب بازگشت مسيرهاي حج از دريا به اين مسيرهاي بياباني شد.

The influence of Ilkhanʹs policies on the transition of the marine and land routs of Hajj pilgrimage in the Muslim World Mongols invasions throughout Eurasia and the collapse of Abbasid Caliphate caused an intercept and chaos in all over the Muslim World, and unbalanced the power and the unity in the Middle East territory. Ilkhanʹs conversion toward Islam seems to be a solution to the problem of balance and the unity, but the enduring Ilkhanid-Mamuk wars were the main obstacle for the Muslim world unity. Although the Abbasid caliphate dynasty continued its existence in Cairo, Egypt, but Mecca was the main Metropolis in the Muslim World. Because Abbasid Baghdad was collapsed; and Cairo of the Mamluks never could to replace it in its political and spiritual position. So Mecca in addition to its statue as the most sacred city, once again, as the early Muslim period, became the political centre and the capital of Muslim World. Therefore the Muslim Sultans from far western Africa (Songhai civilization in Niger valley), Mamluks of Egypt, Ilkhans of Persia, some Sultans of Golden Horde, and Sultans of India such as Khalajis, Tughlughis and Bahmanis had a rivalry on advertising their power and legitimacy in the Muslim international gathering for Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca and Medina. Such circumstances had influence on the political importance of Hajj pilgrimage routes. It seems that because of this events and the process of the changes in the policies of Ilkhans, there have been some translocations among the marine and land routes of Hajj piligrims. So the current issue is on the main Hajj routes and the influence of Ilkhanid policies on these routes. Hypothesis indicates that the early invasion of the non-Muslim Mongols unsecured the land roads of Hajj. So, because of the ill hegemony of Mongols on the seas, the marine routes via the Persian Gulf and the Red Sea were thrived. But Ilkhans conversion to Islam and defect of Ilkhan-Mamluk wars, some efforts carried out for securing and comforting the Hajj roads via Iraq and Najd and Nefud deserts in Arabia, to Mecca and Medina, which caused a return from marine routes to the new flourished desert roads.