عناصر ژيوپليتيكي و ژيواكونوميكي محلي در توسعه روابط دوجانبه ايران و افغانستان

The Local Geopolitical & Geo-economical Factors in Extension of Iran & Afghanistan Bilateral Relations

اين مقاله سعي در شناخت عناصر ژيوپليتيكي در سطح روابط دوجانبه ايران و افغانستان و تهديدات و فرصتهاي ناشي از آن دارد و اين پرسش را طرح مي‌كند كه عناصر ژيوپليتيكي محلي تاثيرگذار در روابط دو كشور كدامند و چه تهديدات مشتركي را ايجاد كرده‌اند؟ و آيا مي‌توان تهديدات ناشي از اين عناصر مشترك را با توسل به عناصر ژيواكونوميكي بين دو كشور به فرصتهاي مشترك تبديل كرد؟ در پاسخ به پرسش مذكور، اين فرضيه مطرح شد كه «عناصر ژيوپليتيكي از جمله ژيوپليتيك مرزها، مواد مخدر، مهاجرت، قوميتها، استانهاي مرزي و راههاي مواصلاتي بين آنها سبب‌ساز تهديدات امنيتي مشترك و به همان ميزان فرصت‌هاي مشتركي است كه منطق ژيوپليتيك و ژيواكونوميك روابط دو كشور را در دوره نوين شكل مي‌دهد». جهت آزمون فرضيه، پژوهش حاضر ضمن ارايه يك مدل، رهيافت ژيوپليتيك راديكال را به‌عنوان الگويي براي بررسي روابط دوجانبه ايران و افغانستان ارايه مي‌كند. بنابراين در بخش نخست با استخدام مكتب ژيوپليتيك راديكال، سعي در استخراج الگويي براي بررسي تهديدات و فرصتهاي عناصر ژيوپليتيكي در سطح روابط دوجانبه دارد. در بخش دوم به‌منظور كاربست مباحث نظري فوق، تهديدات اين عناصر و فرصتهاي ناشي از آن و تاثير اين عناصر بر حضور گسترده ايران در بازسازي افغانستان و اجراي برخي پروژه‌هاي مربوطه بحث مي‌شود. در آخر نيز سياستهايي براي استفاده بيشتر سياستگذران پيشنهاد مي‌گردد. اين اطلاعات با روش توصيفي- تحليلي و آماري و با تكيه بر منابع اسنادي و تحليل محتواي گزارشات موسسات دخيل در بازسازي افغانستان گردآوري و به رشته تحرير درآمده است. يافته‌هاي تحقيق نشان مي‌دهد، در ژيوپليتيك راديكال، منطق رفتار ايران و افغانستان در چارچوب منطق ژيوپليتيكي و منطق ژيواكونوميكي تعيين مي‌گردد. اين دو منطق موجب همكاري در سطح جهاني، منطقه‌اي و محلي گرديده است. به‌جاي تعارض، دو كشور را به همكاري سوق داده و سبب‌ساز مشاركت ايران در بازسازي افغانستان و خلق فرصتهاي تجاري و سرمايه‌گذاري شده است. بنابراين فرصت‌آفريني ژيواكونوميكي باعث شده، حجم مبادلات دو كشور نسبت به يك دهه قبل 12 برابر و حجم سرمايه‌گذاري‌هاي افغانيها در ايران نيز به بيش از 60 ميليون دلار برسد.

Extended Abstract Introduction This essay tries to present geopolitical factors of the bilateral relations of Iran & Afghanistan & theirs challenges & opportunities. In the new era, geopolitics variety is an important factor in understanding of developments. Relations of Iran & Afghanistan are influenced by this variety. New developments in Afghanistan after 2002 have changed geopolitical location of Iran. For this reason, Iran had important role in reconstruction & rebuilding of Afghanistan & required first position in the region & fifth rank in the world. In 2002, Tokyo Conference participants defined a plan for the development of Afghanistan. Iran allocated £ 250 million to Afghanistan in the framework of projects as grants for the reconstruction of Afghanistan. Iran allocated the grants for the local geopolitical & geo-economic factors. Methodology Research surveys the questions such as: what are the local geopolitical factors in the bilateral relations of two countries & theirs challenges? Could it possible replace these challenges to common opportunities by geo-economic factors? The main hypothesis is the most important of geopolitical factors consist of boundaries geopolitics, drugs, immigration, ethnics groups, border provinces (valayatha), and connections routs that draw geopolitical & geo-economic logic in the new era. In interaction between common geopolitical challenges & common geo-economic opportunities, have been created common interests. These factors have critical role in Iranʹs participation in Afghanistan reconstruction. This article presents a model and an approach termed "radical geopolitics". It examines the respective roles of the geopolitical and geo-economic factors that drive the local geopolitical & geo-economic factors in the bilateral relations of Iran & Afghanistan & theirs challenges & opportunities. The second section consists of the geopolitical factors in the relationship of Iran & Afghanistan & their influence in Iranʹs participation in Afghanistan reconstruction and some Iranʹs projects have been implemented. Finally, research findings present policies for policy makers. Results and Discussion The research has two sections. In the first section, this article presents a model and an approach termed "radical geopolitics". It examines the respective roles of the geopolitical and geo-economic factors that drive the local geopolitical & geo-economic factors in the bilateral relations of Iran & Afghanistan & theirs challenges & opportunities. The second section consists of the geopolitical factors in the relationship of Iran & Afghanistan & their influence in Iranʹs participation in Afghanistan reconstruction and some Iranʹs projects have been implemented. Finally, research findings present policies for policy makers. Conclusion This study by use of "radical geopolitics" & relevant model shows that foreign policy of Iran towards Afghanistan is based on Geopolitical factors. These have caused threats including boundaries, ethnic, opium, hydropolitics & ideologic threats. "Radical geopolitics “by employment of geo-economics and insist on political economy tries to overt the threats to opportunities between Iran & Afghanistan. Implementation of economic projects including Dogharun- Herat project, establishment of boundary customs, Sangan-herat Ralilway, Sentry post in boundaries, monetary & training assistance to Afghanistan army & restarting of North- South Corridor are activities of Iran for elimination of Afghanistan’s threats.