مباني مسيوليت مدني پزشك با نگاهي به لايحه جديد قانون مجازات اسلامي

Basis of Civil Liability of Physicians With A Glance at the New Bill for Islamic Penal Code

يكي از مسايل مهم مورد بحث در حقوق امروز، مسيوليت مدني پزشك است كه قانون مدني و قانون مسيوليت مدني 1339 نسبت به آن ساكت است؛ ولي در قانون مجازات اسلامي مقرراتي به آن اختصاص يافته است. در حقوق تطبيقي مسيوليت مدني پزشك اصولاً مبتني بر نظريه تقصير است؛ يعني پزشك هنگامي مسيول و مكلف به جبران خسارت وارده به بيمار شناخته مي شود كه تقصير او به اثبات رسيده باشد. اين راه حل علاوه بر هماهنگي با قواعد عمومي مسيوليت مدني، با مصلحت بيمار و جامعه قابل توجيه است. با وجود اين، در قانون مجازات اسلامي 1375 ظاهراً مسيوليت محض يا بدون تقصير پزشك، به پيروي از قول گروهي از فقهاي اماميه پذيرفته شده كه قابل انتقاد مي نمايد، هرچند كه قاعده ياد شده با پذيرش شرط برايت از ضمان (شرط عدم مسيوليت) تعديل شده است. البته تحصيل برايت از ضمان، پزشك را از مسيوليت به طور كامل معاف نمي كند؛ زيرا در اين فرض نيز با اثبات تقصير، وي مسيول و مكلف به جبران خسارت خواهد بود. خوشبختانه قانون جديد مجازات اسلامي مصوب 1390 كه هنوز لازم الاجرا نشده است از قاعده پيشين عدول كرده و مبناي تقصير را در مسيوليت پزشك پذيرفته است؛ ليكن به نظر مي رسد كه مبناي مسيوليت در اين قانون تقصير مفروض است، نه تقصير اثبات شده؛ بدين معني كه قانون پزشك را مسيول فرض مي كند، مگر اين كه عدم تقصير او به اثبات برسد. تحصيل برايت از ضمان نيز در قانون جديد پيش بيني شده است كه فايده آن جابه جايي بار دليل است.

One of the important issues which are discussed by the law today is the civil liability of Physicians, something which was silence in the civil code and civil liability code of n1339 (1960), however the Islamic penal code has predicted some regulations for it. The civil liability of Physicians in the comparative law is principally based on the theory of fault. That is, a Physician is found to be responsible and liable to indemnify the loss inflicted on the patient when his (her) fault is established. This solution is compatible with the general rules of the civil liability while it is also justifiable with the expediency of the patient and the society. Nevertheless, the Islamic penal code of 1375 (1996) apparently accepts the no fault responsibility of the Physician pursuant to the words of a group of Imamiyeh Jurisprudents which seems to be subject of criticism although the aforementioned rule has been adjusted through accepting the clause of innocence (clause of non-liability). Indeed, acquisition of clause of innocence shall not totally exempt the Physician from liability because in this presumption too he shall be responsible and liable to indemnify the loss upon establishment of the fault. Fortunately, the new Islamic penal bill adopted in 1390 (2011), which has not been put into force yet, has deviated from the former rule and accepted the basis of fault in the Physicians liability however the basis of liability in this law seems to be the presumed fault and not the established one. In other words, the law presumes the Physician to be liable unless his faultlessness is established. Acquisition of clearance from guarantee too, has been predicted in the new bill whose benefit is the replacement of the burden of proof.