ساختار مذهبي ـ سياسي مصر در دوره سقوط فاطميان

The Religious – Political Structure of the Egyptian Society in the Period of Fatimidʹʹs Collapse

خلافت فاطميان، از نيمه دومِ سده پنجم هجري، رو به افول نهاد. مطابق شواهد تاريخي، آغاز اين انحطاط با خلافت «الآمر باحكام الله»- سال 495 هجري- شروع شد و در سال 567 هـ. ق به پايان رسيد. در طي اين دوره، كه مجموعاً هفتاد سال به طول انجاميد، علل متعددي در سقوط فاطميان نقش داشتند كه اين مقاله مي‌كوشد با فراهم آوردن شناختي از تركيب مذهبي جامعه مصر در اين دوره، ابتدا به بررسي دو پديده «قدرت گرفتن مقام وزارت و به حاشيه رانده شدن مقام خلافت» و «اقتدار يافتن جامعه تسنن در ساختار سياسي - اجتماعي مصر» بپردازد و رابطه اين دو را با يكديگر آشكار سازد و سپس با تبيين و تحليل اين رابطه، نقش اين عوامل را در سقوط فاطميان مورد بررسي قرار دهد.

During the second half of the fifth century, Fatimid Caliphate began to decline. Based on historical documents, this collapse started in 495 (AH) and ultimately reached its dead end in 567 (AH). During this period, which lasted for nearly 70 years, several factors helped to the decline and then collapse of the Fatimids. Through focusing on the religious structure of the Egyptian society, this research attempts to study two phenomena; first, the process through which the vizierate position gained power and outplayed the caliphate position and second, the process of gaining authority by the Sunni society in the religious – political structure of the Egyptian society as well as the link between these two phenomena. Having shown and explained such a link, the study then considers the role of such factors in the collapse of the Fatimid Caliphate. The method of data collection used for this study was a library-oriented one during which historical works and documents were reviewed. The collected data was then used for analyzing and explaining the subject matters of this article.