سير تحول ويژگي هاي نقوش ظروف سفالين تمدن حصار

The Process of Changes in Patterns Characteristics of the Pottery Dishes Hesar Civilization

هنر ايران در سير تاريخي خود از ويژگي هاي بي شماري برخوردار بوده است. حال در اين پژوهش سعي شده با استناد به نقوش ظروف سفالين تمدن حصار به بررسي ويژگي هاي بصري نقوش به لحاظ تركيب بندي در هنر سفال پيش از تاريخ ايران، پرداخته شود. دليل انتخاب تمدن حصار، اهميت سفال آن در بررسي روند عمومي سفال پيش از تاريخ ايران و همچنين در دسترس بودن گزارش حفاري و طبقه بندي منظم دوره هاي تمدني آن است. لذا براي دستيابي به سير تحول ويژگي هاي نقوش از تحليل بصري استفاده مي شود و نقش ظروف به واسطه شماري از ويژگي هاي بصري، مورد ارزيابي قرار مي گيرد. پس از طي فرايند تحليل و جمع بندي، نتايج حاصله نشان داد كه در طي سه دوره تمدني حصار، بعضي ويژگي هاي بصري ظروف نظير پيوستگي نقوش، فضاي پر و خالي، كادر و تركيب بندي، يكسان بوده و تغيير نكرده، و ويژگي هاي ديگر نظير نقش يكتا يا تكراري، ريتم و كيفيت خطوط، تغيير يافته اند. بنابراين سير تحول ويژگي هاي نقوش در طول حدود 2500 سال، در چهار مورد ثابت و در سه مورد متغير است؛ كه اين خود متضمن روند كند تحول ويژگي هاي بصري سفالينه هاي منقوش است و همچنين گوياي صفت پايداري در هنر نقاشي روي سفال پيش از تاريخ در منطقه حصار مي باشد.

The Persian art has experienced multiple characteristics during its historical course of development. A prominent characteristic of the Iranian art is continuity and gradual development over time as a result of which different arts develop and find their zeniths over time. Earthenware has long been an excuse for implementation of decorative painting as a significant manifestation of the Iranian art. An attempt has been made in this study to examine the visual features and characteristics of paintings in terms of combination in the art of pottery in the pre-historic Iran relying upon the earthenware of Hesar civilization which is one of the oldest Persian civilizations in order to track the Iranian cultural background. Hesar civilization, lying in the easternmost part of the central of Iran, reflects the cultural remnants of the chalcolithic and bronze age. This civilization encompasses three cultural periods each of which are divided into shorter periods (or layers) which are the subsets of the established, long-term periods. The first period –the oldest one- has been divided into "A" , "B", and "C" layers; the second period has been divided into two layers, to wit. "A" and "B"; and the third period has been divided into three layers, namely "A", "B", and "C". This study deals with the painted earthenware of this civilization. By painted containers, this writer means the containers on internal or external surface of which paintings have been dyed. In order to find about the changes made in visual features of the earthenware of Hesar civilization, the visual-analysis-based descriptive method has been employed. Thus, one hundred fourteen sample of painted containers from the triple periods of hill Hesar are assesses drawing upon fundamentals of visual arts on the basis of visual features and characteristics such as single or repeated painting, rhythm, line quality, painting continuity, full or empty spaces, box and combination, so that the final aim of this piece of research, studying the developments experienced by the visual characteristics of the paintings during the 2500-year-long period of Hesar civilization, will be achieved. Upon completion of the analysis and summarization process, results suggested that the course of changes in painting characteristics moves very slowly on account of Hesarʹs earthenware combination, such that three characteristics have developed differently and four have developed similarly, more importantly, from among these features, only the features of rhythm has changed at all periods, and two features of line quality and the single or repeated painting have changed only in the third period when compared to the previous periods. Consequently, visual features of earthenwareʹs paintings have less developed in terms of combination and been stable within a well- defined framework. This shape or pattern has been presented as single, detached, inside-box, and over-container paintings vertically. This stable pattern has revealed the stability quality of painting on Hesar pottery in mode of drawing painting on the earthenware during countless years, and the slow course of changes in the painting indicates continuity, sustainability, and gradual development of paintings at this civilization over time.