علل تاثير معماري بناهاي دولتي و عمومي بر معماري بناهاي خصوصي در دوره پهلوي دوم

Influence of Architecture of Governmental and Public Buildings on Private Buildings in the Second Pahlavi Era

ابنيه خصوصي يكي از اقسام بناها را در تمامي دورههاي تاريخي ايران از جمله عصر پهلوي دوم تشكيل ميدهد كه در جايگاه خويش حايز اهميت است. معماري بخش خصوصي در اين دوره كه قسمي از آثار و معماري خصوصي امروز را نيز شامل ميشود تحت تاثير عوامل متعددي شكل گرفته است كه يكي از آنها، معماري ساختمانهاي دولتي و عمومي (به همراه عوامل ديگر) است. گرچه الگوبرداري از ابنيه دولتي و عمومي، پيشرفتها و امكانات تازهاي در معماري و در مواردي همخواني با اقليم را در پي داشته لكن از آنجا كه موجب رواج معماري غيرخودي و داراي هماهنگي اندك با اقليم شده و تا به امروز نيز ادامه يافته است، ريشهيابي اين تاثيرپذيري اهميت پيدا ميكند. لذا هدف اين تحقيق، دستيابي به علل و ميزان نقش علل درتاثير معماري برخي از ابنيه دولتي و عمومي بر معماري بعضي از بناهاي خصوصي و شناخت و بررسي آنهاست. بررسيهاي انجام شده و نتايج بدست آمده نشانگر آن است كه چهار عامل اصلي شامل خصوصيات بناهاي دولتي و عمومي، ويژگيها و شرايط بخش خصوصي، عوامل واسطهاي، و عوامل جانبي و زمينهاي در حد تقريباً متوسط سبب تاثيرشدهاند. عامل جانبي بيشترين دخالت و عامل بخش خصوصي كمترين نقش را داشته است. يعني اثرگذاري به ويژه به سبب فراهم آمدن امكانات و شرايط مانند "عوامل سوقدهنده جامعه به سمت فرهنگ جديد و ..."، "اشاعه ديدگاههاي فرهنگي نو و ..." و "منابع تامينكننده درآمد كشور و تعيينكننده ميزان آن و ..." بوده است. همچنين بررسي شاخصها نشان ميدهد برخي از آنها با بيشترين نقش در عامل مربوط به خويش عبارت است از : تازگي بنا، خواست قشر مرفه براي الگوبرداري، بعضي از بناهاي خصوصي اثر پذيرفته ...، ترويج ديدگاههاي فرهنگي جديد...، تبليغ زياد مصالح و ...، داشتن تحصيلات عاليه و ... . عوامل تاثيرگذار ديگر در عصر پهلوي دوم بر معماري اماكن خصوصي متاثر از بناهاي دولتي و عمومي عبارت است از : وابستگي تام سازمان اقتصادي و سياسي كشور، گرايش افراطي به غرب، اشاعه ديدگاههاي فرهنگي جديد، تمركز فعاليتها در شهرهاي بزرگ به ويژه تهران و مهاجرت به اين شهرها، ابنيه خصوصي، افراد غيرمتخصص، و پژوهشها در حيطه معماري.

Private buildings comprise an important category of buildings throughout Iran’s history including during the second Pahlavi era (1941-1975). In fact, the architecture of buildings in this era is worth studying because it has formed the basis of most of the current architecture of Iran’s buildings. The architecture of private buildings during the second Pahlavi era was influenced by various factors including the design and structure of the governmental and public buildings. There has been a certain degree of copying from the architecture of governmental buildings which was to some extent consistent with the climate conditions of Iran. This indeed helped press ahead the knowledge of architecture in the country. Accordingly, the stage was set for the development of a non-indigenous expertise which has live up to today. Therefore, it is important to study the roots of what eventually formed the architecture in Iran. This is the core objective of the present research. In fact, it tries to find out the reasons for the influence of the architecture of governmental and public buildings on the architecture of certain private buildings. The research is based on applied historical, causative, descriptive and analytical methods. Also, data collection is based on library research and interviews with experts. The study and findings reveal that there are four reasons for this influence: 1) Characteristics of the governmental and public buildings, 2) Characteristics and situation of the private section; 3) Intermediate factors, and 4) Marginal and background factors. The latter factor has been the most effective and the second factor has been the least effective in this regard. In other words, facilities and conditions such as “factors which lead communities toward a new culture and …”, “the new aesthetic view out of the modern technology and industry”, “promotion of new cultural viewpoints and …”; “financial recourses as well as their determinants of their amounts and …” and “the quality of the political organization of the country” are of special importance concerning the architecture influences. In addition, the influencing factors i.e. characteristics of the governmental and public buildings have been more effective than the influenced factors, i.e. characteristics and situation of the private section. Also the direct effect of the governmental and public buildings has been more serious than indirect effect of the intermediate factors. Moreover, studies show that the most effective indices in the framework of the related factors are as follows: building age, conformity with the aesthetic views of the wealthy class of the society, and their will for pattern-making, some private buildings which have been influenced by the public building, promotion of the new cultural approaches, etc. The other effective factors on the architecture of the private buildings under the influence of the public buildings in the second Pahlavi dynasty are: perfect dependency of the country’s economic and political organization, extreme tendency toward the West, promotion of the new cultural approaches, concentration of the activities in large cities specifically Tehran and the related migration, private buildings, none-expert people, and researches on architecture. It must be noted that there is a difference between the private-public buildings and the architecture of the private residential buildings.