داوري اجباري در دعاوي خانوادگي

Compulsory Arbitration in Matrimonial Disputes

داوري (حكميت) تدبيري قرآني براي حل مناقشات خانوادگي است. اين حكم قرآن كريم مورد توجه قانون‌گذار قرار گرفته و مقرراتي در همين خصوص وضع شده است. تفاوت ديدگاههاي فقهي و تغيير شرايط اجتماعي موجب شده است كه قوانين موضوعه ما در زمينه داوري دچار تحولاتي شود. به عنوان مثال، داوري در دعاوي خانوادگي كه زماني اختياري بوده، در حال حاضر اجباري شده است. البته اجبار به داوري ممكن است ناشي از قانون و يا قرارداد طرفين باشد. اين نوشتار، ضمن مطالعه تحولات مربوط به داوري اجباري در قوانين مربوط به خانواده، مباني فقهي «اجبار ناشي از قانون» و «اجبار ناشي از قرارداد» را مورد مطالعه قرار مي‌دهد.

Hakamiyyat (arbitration) is a Quranic device for the settlement of matrimonial disputes. It attracted the attention of Iranian legislators so that they have made provisions in this regard. The difference of fiqhi (jurisprudential) views and changes in social circumstances have caused some changes to be made in the Iranian legislation on the hakamiyya. For example, arbitration in matrimonial disputes, which was previously optional, has now become compulsory. Of course, being forced into arbitration may be the result of a contract between the parties; that is, they might agree that in case of any problems in their matrimonial lives, they should submit to arbitration by private persons, instead of referring to the courts. Thus, another kind of compulsory arbitration emerges. In addition to the study of developments of compulsory arbitration in the Iranian family laws, the article deals with the fiqhi bases of "compulsory arbitration resulting from the laws" and "compulsory arbitration resulting from the partiesʹ contract".