بازآفريني منظر فرهنگي/ رويكردهاي منظرين در احياي باغ تاريخي بابر

Rehabilitating the cultural landscape/ Landscape approaches in revival of the Babur`s historic garden

جايگاه باغ‌هاي تاريخي و ارزش آنها از لحاظ منظر فرهنگي و نقشي كه در بازگويي فرهنگ و تمدن يك جامعه دارند، موجب شده تا حفظ و احياي اين مكان‌ها اهميتي دوچندان پيدا كند. بدين ترتيب در كشورهايي با تمدن منظرين و پيشينه باغسازي طولاني، بخش مهمي از فعاليت‌هاي حفاظتي و مرمتي به حفظ و باززنده‌سازي محوطه‌ها و باغ‌هاي تاريخي مربوط مي‌شود. از سوي ديگر اهميت اين موضوع موجب شده تا رويكردهاي متفاوت و گاه متضاد در مرمت و بازآفريني اين ميراث فرهنگي شكل گيرد و منشورها و بيانيه‌هاي مختلفي در خصوص احياي اين محوطه‌ها در كنار سايت‌هاي تاريخي ديگر بيان شود. در بسياري از رويكردهاي احياي باغ‌هاي تاريخي توجه به انسان به عنوان عنصري زنده در بازسازي و احياي آنها مطرح شده است. از آنجا كه باغ‌‌هاي تاريخي بخشي از منظر فرهنگي و در واقع دست‌آورد فرهنگي هر جامعه محسوب مي‌شوند و با توجه به لايه‌هاي تاريخي و فرهنگي نهفته در اين باغ‌ها، تنها حفظ و مرمت كالبد و عناصر فيزيكي كافي نيست، بلكه انتقال اين ارزش‌هاي فرهنگي مستلزم حضور انسان در فضا و درك آن است. از اين رو تلاش مي‌شود تا با تكيه بر ابعاد مختلف تاريخ، فرهنگ، محيط و شهر با ايجاد عملكردها و فعاليت‌هاي مختلف، مخاطب و زندگي امروزي شهري به اين مكان‌هاي تاريخي افزوده شود. به اين ترتيب با اين رويكرد نو، نگاهي جديد به بازآفريني باغ‌ها رخ داده و آن تبديل باغ‌هاي تاريخي به فضاهاي جمعي است. بنابراين با ايجاد فعاليت‌هاي انساني و فرهنگي علاوه بر حفظ و انتقال ارزش‌هاي فرهنگي اين باغ‌ها مي‌توان آنها را به فضاهاي جمعي زنده و پوياي شهري تبديل كرد. در اين نوشتار تلاش مي‌شود با بررسي مرمت و احياي باغ بابر در شهر كابل، رويكرد و نحوه برخورد «محمد شهير» را به عنوان يك معمار منظر در بازآفريني اين باغ تاريخي به چالش كشيد.

The notability and value of historic gardens from cultural landscape aspect and the role of these gardens in restating the culture and civilization of a society have made the protection and rehabilitation programs twice as important. Therefore, in countries with renowned ancient landscape and gardening civilization, an important part of conservation and rehabilitation programs is allocated to the preservation, restoration and rehabilitation of the site and historic gardens. On the other hand, the importance of this issue has lead to establishment of various and even opposite approaches in restoration and rehabilitation of this cultural heritage as well as declaration of multiple charts and statements about the revival of other historical sites in this area. Although differences in these approaches are found, it is clear that mere restoration of historic is not enough and there should be an effort to create a variety of functions and activities to bring people and modern city life to these places. The remarkable thing is that in many of these approaches the human life is considered as a key element in revitalization and rehabilitation of these spaces. Since the historic gardens are parts of the cultural landscape and considered cultural achievements of each community, their physical preservation is not enough and regarding their hidden historic and cultural layers, the transfer of cultural values involves the human presence in space. Therefore, the landscape architect has acted differently in rehabilitation of historic gardens and has considered various factors in this process. Meanwhile, the knowledge of landscape relying on different aspects of history, culture, environment and city, in restoration and rehabilitation of historic gardens embraces the modern culture and context of the city in order to connect the cultural-historic achievements. Therefore, this new approach looks upon rehabilitation of gardens as places for assembling people in order to revive them. As a result, these gardens will be considered historic collective spaces and they will turn into dynamic public places by bringing human and cultural activities to these places to preserve and transfer cultural values. This paper tries to challenge Mohammad Shahir’s approach as a landscape architect in rehabilitation of this historic garden by reviewing the restoration and rehabilitation of Babur gardens. Mohammad Shahir’s experience in restoration and rehabilitation of Babur gardens showcases that the revival of a historic garden goes beyond preservation and restoration of physical and even landscape elements. In this case, the importance and impact of the garden on adjacent city structure and residents has lead to the intervening of the rehabilitation program in the city to affect the quality of life for people. It shows that a landscape architect can review and identify specific and potentials of a historic garden and facilitate them appropriately to meet the needs of contemporary community and generate a significant presence of people in this historic place and eventually guarantee its self-sufficiency and sustainable development.