رويكرد منظرين در مرمت شهر/ پروژه نظام‌الدين بستي، شبكه يكپارچه فضاهاي تاريخي و روز

Landscape approach in urban restoration/ Nizamuddin Basti project, an integrated network of historical and current space

در شهرهاي هند و در ادامه سنت شهرسازي دوره استعمار، شاهد وجود فضاهاي باز شهري به صورت مستقل هستيم كه از نگاه موزه‌اي به فضاهاي شهري، قطع ارتباط اين فضاها با زندگي مردم و در نتيجه قطع ارتباط آنها با شهر حكايت مي‌كند. توجه به پويايي فضاهاي باز شهري در بافت‌هاي قديمي و ارتباط با ساير جريان‌هاي زنده شهر و محله، برخوردهاي متنوعي را در مداخله بافت‌هاي تاريخي شهري سبب مي‌شود. امروزه اين رويكردها از حوزه مداخله تك بنايي به كل شهر سوق پيدا كرده است و نه‌ تنها حفاظت مجموعه‌هاي ميراثي در بافت‌هاي تاريخي را مدنظر قرار مي‌دهد؛ بلكه هدف اصلي در مداخله، تركيبي از اهداف حفاظتي، احياي فرهنگي، توسعه اجتماعي- اقتصادي، توسعه زيست‌محيطي و توسعه شهري است. بافت شهري دهلي و ساير شهرهاي هندوستان را مجموعه‌اي از اين فضاها، بناهاي تاريخي و جريان‌هاي زندگي محلي در كنار هم تشكيل مي‌دهد. در اين ميان، «محمد شهير»، معمار منظر هندي، ايده توسعه شبكه به هم پيوسته از فضاهاي باز را براي شهرهاي هند پيشنهاد مي‌دهد و همين ايده را در پروژه نوسازي نظام‌الدين با سه مجموعه ميراثي مستقل شامل "مقبره همايون"، "باغ سوندر نرسري" و "محله نظام‌الدين بستي" و توانمندسازي محلي در بافت تاريخي، مورد آزمايش قرار داده است. وي با تعريف شبكه‌اي به هم پيوسته از فضاها و فعاليت‌هاي شهري در بستري تاريخي، زيرساخت جديدي را در توسعه‌ شهر دهلي جهت حضور پايدار انسان در بافت تاريخي به عنوان رمز پايداري فضا فراهم آورده است. اين نوشتار رويكرد ويژه شهير را در پروژه احياي يكپارچه مقبره همايون، سوندر نرسري و نظام‌الدين بستي مورد بررسي و تحليل قرار مي‌دهد.

City is a phenomenon arising from the community, geography and culture which is formed from the relationship between spaces, attitudes, and social - cultural and historical Field interactions next to each other. We see urban open spaces as independent and governmental spaces which are used for national ceremony, to a following an urbanism tradition of colonial period in today’s Indian cities. The existence of these independent spaces cause: urban spaces seem as a museum, the disconnection of these spaces to human aspects, and therefore the disconnection of these spaces to the city. Considering the dynamics of urban open spaces in the old tissues which are in relationship with other city and neighborhood live movements causes various collisions in urban historical tissue Interferences. These approaches have been extended to the whole city from just a single building Interference field, and heritage collection protections in historical tissues is not the only goal. But also the combination of protective goals, cultural revival, social–economical development, environmental development and urban development is the main goal in the Interference. This type of Interference is not a new approach in the city area. And the creation of outdoor space nets had been expressed in the past planning and urbanism. The connection of parks and green spaces which was expressed in America in 1887, and the usage of continuity and connection principles in Esfahan urbanism schools in Iran, natural elements (water and natural spaces) and artificial elements (markets and human activities in them) became a factor that connected urban spaces to each other (like Old and Imam square connection through designing market line between them) and creat a net of these spaces, by considering this principle. This issue also has caused the old and new urban spaces alive which connect to each other. Delhi urban tissue and other Indian cities also are the collections of these spaces, monuments and local life movements all together. At this time an Indian landscape architect, Mohammad Shaheer suggests the development idea of interlocking net of the open spaces for Indian cities, and he has examined this idea in Nizamuddin renovation project which has three independent Heritage collections including Humayun Tomb, Sunder Nursery Garden and Hazrat Nizamuddin Basti Neighborhood, by local empowering in historical tissue, and has provided a substructure to develop Delhi for human sustainable presence in historical tissue as the Space Sustainability key, by definition an interlocking net of urban spaces and activities together in a historical context. This article investigates special approach of Mohammad Shaheer in Humayun Tomb, Sunder Nursery and Hazrat Nizamuddin Basti unified revival projects.