چالش‌هاي فقهي، حقوقي و اخلاقي تلقيح مصنوعي و رويارويي با حق باروري زوجين نابارور

Legal, jurisprudential & moral challenges & difficulties in artificial pollination & confrontation with the right of unfertile coupleʹʹs fertileness

امروزه فناوري و زيست‌ فناوري‌هاي نوين، امكان اهداي گامت و جنين را به زوجين نابارور فراهم آورده است. به كارگيري روش‌هاي جديد پزشكي گرچه به لحاظ توسعه و تحول اين رشته از معارف بشري چشم‌گير و خيره كننده است اما در عرصه‌هاي مختلف اخلاقي، فقهي و حقوقي موجب بروز پرسش‌ها و بعضاً مشكلاتي شده است كه پاسخ به آنها نيازمند تاملي جدي و تحقيقي گسترده و همه جانبه است . تشتت آراي فقها، حرمت برخي از طرق جديد بارداري مصنوعي همچون استفاده از اسپرم بيگانه از منظر اكثر فقها و جواز استفاده از منظر برخي ديگر، و يا استفاده از تخمك بيگانه و نيز پرورش در رحم ثالث از موضوعاتي است كه مستمسك آراي متعارض از سوي فقها و حقوقدانان گرديده است. تجارب قانونگذاري كشورهاي پيشرو حاكي از اين است كه درمان ناباروري امري مهم و نيازمند مطالعات چند سويه و شناسايي اهداف كلي وسياست‌هاي حمايتي كلان است؛ در حالي‌ كه متاسفانه قوانين ايران چندان به آن توجه نداشته است و از رژيم حقوقي و قانوني مشخصي پيروي نمي‌كند. همچنين عدم جامعيت قانون و غفلت قانون‌گذار از ورود به حوزه‌هاي اختلاف برانگيز و مقابله با اخلاق اجتماعي، نه تنها زوجين نابارور را دچار نوعي سردر گمي نموده است. به اين منظور، مقاله پيش رو مي‌كوشد تا ضمن شناسايي حق طبيعي زوجين نابارور مبني بر استفاده از پزشكي نوين، چالش‌هاي فقهي، حقوقي و اخلاقي اين حوزه و مشكلات پيش روي زوجين نابارور را نمايان ساخته و ضرورت نگرش جامع و فراگير قانوني مبتني برسياست‌هاي كلان حمايتي در اين حوزه را اثبات نمايد.

Tendency to reproduction is one of the natural instincts of every alive being which has been completed much more in human beings. This is because man finds his feelings of generation survival & pregnancy in this way. While, in some cases natural ability of persons is appearing problems, has faced couples with unfertileness and requires medical science. The modern medicine has an admirable movement in this field and today, technology & technical environment has provided ability of GAMT dedication and donation for unfertile spouses. Although applying new medical methods due to its importance is considerable in human learnings,but has caused problems and questions in different majors of moral,jurisprudencia and legal fields which answering to them requires all dimensional research that is unfortunately ignored today. Although few of investigations and theorisiansis steps forward opening new spaces for studying & investigate in law, jurisprudence & morality, but not only in practice it is not a great solution, but also it leads to confusion, different opinions & spouses deprivation from pregnancy methods. According to social, religious & moral consequences of this discussion, lawyers & jurists has not planned to collect new rules & principles for arrangement of complex social cases in considerable way. Somehow jurists have issued different opinions or even have banned methods of artificial pollination. What is reflected in law & constitutions is just small part of medical & ills society requirements & existing facts which seems to not have comprehensiveness. Diversity & dispersion in jurist’s opinions ban of some new ways of pregnancy and using of another ovule and also nourishment in the third womb is one of the subjects which are pretend of different ideas of jurists & lawyers. Legislative experience of front states in these methods implies that unfrtileness remedy is of crucial importance & requires multy dimensional studies & recognition of general goal besides main protective policies. As a while as unfortunately Iranian rules have not noticed to it and doesn’t follow certain legal regime. Also incomprehensiveness’ of rules & ignorance of legislator from entrance to controversial fields & facing to social morality, not only encounters unfertile spouses with various difficulties in order to catch some medical ways, but also has put them in confusions space and this question remains unanswered that whether ban of some ways in curenessunfertilenesscureness doesn’t alter ate to spouses right to pregnancy. Isn’t it the time that jurists and lawyers take the review on these ideas & possibly choose the mediocre solution to it??? For these reasons, this article tries to recognize natural rights of unfertile spouses to use modern medicine and illustrates jurisprudencial,moral & legal difficulties of unfertile spouses and also prove comprehensive legal insight based on main protective policies in this field.