نگرشي نو در رابطه جرم سياسي با مفاهيم محاربه، افساد في الارض و بغي در فقه و حقوق موضوعه

A New Look to the Political Crimes with Regard to the Concepts of Muharebe, Fasad fi’l-ard and Baghy in the Islamic Jurisprudence and Law

دو مقوله محاربه و افساد في الارض از عناوين فقهي هستند كه پس از انقلاب اسلامي به اقتضاي اصل چهارم قانون اساسي وارد قوانين جزايي ايران شدند. اين دو مفهوم از مفاهيم بحث‌برانگيز بوده و در باب ماهيت آنها ميان فقها اختلاف مشاهده مي‌شود. اما در سير واكاوي بر اساس مستندات فقهي مي‌توان به تعريفي متقن از اين دو مقوله دست يافت كه مطابق آن مجازات محارب، موارد مذكور در آيه محاربه و مجازات مفسدِ (غير محارب و غير موجبات حد يا قصاص) به دليل عدم وجود نص، تعزير مي‌باشد كه بنا بر صلاحديد حاكم اسلامي، مجازات، متناسب با جرم تعيين مي‌گردد. ليكن نگاهي گذرا به عناوين مجرمانه عليه امنيت نشان مي‌دهد كه اين دو عنوان در سياست كيفري قانون‌گذار با ديدگاهي توسعه‌اي، در عرصه‌هاي گوناگوني تبلور يافته‌اند. بخش عمده عنوان محاربه و افساد في الارض در جرايم عليه امنيت، مربوط به مواردي است كه لطماتي متوجه نظام سياسي شود. وجود اين جرم‌انگاري به دليل اختلاط مفاهيم محاربه و بغي مي‌باشد؛ حال آنكه محاربه، جرم عمومي بوده و بغي، خروج عليه حاكميت است و هر كدام در فقه، مجازات مربوط به خود را دارند. بدين‌سان، جرايم عليه نظام سياسي، هيچ سنخيتي با اركان محاربه و افساد في الارض ندارند.

Two topics Muharebe (taking up arms against society) and Fasad fi’l-ard (disturbing peace and order in the land) are Islamic jurisprudence titles that according to article 4 of Iran Constitution entered the criminal codes of Iran after the Islamic Revolution. There are strong arguments over these two concepts and it is viewed highly challenges over their natures among Islamic jurists (Fughaha). But the investigation according to the jurisprudential reasons can be revealed a firm definition of these two aspects which the punishment of Muharebe (who taking up arms against society) according to the Muharebe verse as defined the cases and the punishment of the corrupters (not being Muharebe and not being caused a violation of the right of God-Hadd- or a violation of the mixed right of God and an individual -Qysas-) is Tazir (the punishment for a violation of the right of an individual) because of no definite statement in the Quran. The Islamic Leader determines the punishment, relevance to the violation. But a summary look to these criminal titles against security shows that these two titles in the criminal policy of the legislator with a growing look in the different fields has been emerged. The principle part of the title of Muharebe (taking up arms against society) and Fasad fi’l ard (disturbing the peace and order in the land) in the crimes against the security is related to the cases which indicate damages to the political system. The existence of this criminalization is for the combining concept of Muharebe (taking up arms against the society) and Baghy (taking up arms against the government) whereas Muharebe is a public offense and Baghy is taking up arms against the government (Khuruj) and every one of them has its penalty. Therefore, the crimes against the political system has no relevance to the pillars of Muharebe and Fasad fi’l ard.