بازپژوهي جرم مركب در حقوق كيفري ايران

Reinvestigating the Compound Crime in the Criminal Law of Iran

تشخيص جرم مركب از جرم ساده به عنوان يكي از نتايج تقسيم‌بندي جرايم از لحاظ عنصر مادي، از جهات مختلف از جمله چگونگي تحقق جرم، تشخيص قانون لازم الاجرا، تحقق مرور زمان، تعيين مسيوليت كيفري و دادگاه صالح داراي اهميت است. با اين حال، تا كنون ماهيت اين جرم در حقوق كيفري ايران به روشني تبيين نشده و صرفاً به توضيحات مختصر و ذكر مصداق واحد (كلاهبرداري) اكتفا شده است. در تفسير ماهيت پيچيده جرم مركب دو برداشت متفاوت وجود دارد كه مورد بررسي و نقد قرار گرفته است. در اين مقاله تعيين ماهيت جرم مركب و تميز آن از جرم ساده بر اساس مطلق يا مقيد بودن جرم صورت گرفته كه بر اين اساس جرم مركب همانند جرم ساده اعم از مطلق يا مقيد است. مهم‌ترين فايده اين تقسيم‌بندي علاوه بر شناسايي‌ِ بدون ابهام ماهيت جرم مركب، تعيين مصاديق ديگري براي آن، علاوه بر جرم كلاهبرداري است.

To discriminate compound crimes from simple ones as the result of dividing the crimes according to the material element from different aspects (like the circumstance of committing a crime, findings of the legal enforcement, a statute setting a time limit on legal action, determining the criminal liability and the proper trial) is important. However the nature of this offense has not been stated clearly in the Iranian criminal law and has only mentioned brief explanations and indicated one sample (fraud). To interpret the complicated nature of the compound crimes, we could have two different notions. First, the meaning of compounding a crime is that the material element consists of the several parts. But this understanding confronts a clear problem because in this situation, at least all the conditional offenses which their material elements are composed of conduct and results should name the compound. Secondly, compounding these crimes means plurality and diversity of the perpetrator conduct regardless of the probable result. This perception also confronts a problem because we should exclude the conditional crime of the fraud as a proved subject of the compound crime hence, the committed crime in this offense may be only shape d by one defraud conduct. In this paper, the determination of the nature of the compound and distinguishing it from the simple one is according to be a crime conditional or unconditional. In respect to this, the compound crime like simple one is whether absolute or conditional. The most important advantage of this dividing is in addition to the identification of the nature of the compound crime, to determine other cases in addition to the offense of the fraud.