جستاري در مفهوم و ماهيت تجربه ديني از ديدگاه اقبال لاهوري

An Inquiry into the Concept and Nature of Religious Experience in Iqbal Lahoriʹʹs View

اقبال لاهوري از منظر تجربه ديني به دين نگريسته و اساس معرفت ديني را تجربه ديني مي‏داند. از اين‏رو، رويكرد دين‏شناسي اقبال تحت رهيافت تجربه ديني است كه به دين به‏منزله معرفتي كه محصول نوعي تجربه است مي‏نگرد. او معرفت ديني را تفسير تجربه ديني، و مانند ديگر تجربه‏هاي انسان، معرفت‏بخش مي‏داند. اقبال اولين كسي است كه از تجربه ديني و همسان بودن وحي با آن سخن به ميان آورده و از تحويل و ارجاع وحي اسلامي به تجربه ديني سخن گفته است. اين ديدگاه داراي لوازمي همچون نفي سرشت زباني وحي، نفي عصمت پيامبر و خطاپذيري وحي، بشري بودن و الهي نبودن دين، نفي خاتميت و بسط تجربه نبوي مي‏باشد. هدف نوشتار حاضر، بيان توصيف ماهيت تجربه ديني و تبيين رويكرد معرفت‏شناسي، روش‏شناسي و دين‏شناسي و تجربه ديني اقبال مي‏باشد كه با روش توصيفي و تحليلي، با تبيين ديدگاه اقبال به پيامدها و اشكالات و نقد و بررسي آن خواهيم پرداخت.

Iqbal Lahori looks at religion from the angle of religious experience and regards religions experience as the basis of religious knowledge. Therefore, his theological approach is governed by religious experience and regards religion as a branch of knowledge which results from a kind of experience. He sees that religious knowledge is an interpretation of religious experience and, like the other experiences of man, it is insightful. Iqbal is the first scholar who maintains that religious experience is identical to revelation, and talks about the transformation and reduction of Islamic revelation to religious experience. This view entails the negation of the linguistic nature of revelation, negation of the infallibility of prophet hood, the fallibility of revelation, looking at religion as non-divine and man made, rejecting that idea that there is a seal of prophets, and expanding prophetic experience. Using a descriptive- analytical method, the present paper explains and describes the nature of religious experience and makes explicit Iqbalʹs methodological, epistemological and theological approach and religious experience. It also reviews and criticizes Iqbalʹs view to expound its effects and shortcomings