«قاعده ي درا » و «اصل برايت»: مجراي شمول: اشتراك يا افتراق

Comparison of "Rule of prevent hudud in case of doubt "and "presumption of Innocence"

امروزه اهمّيّت و نقش كاربردي قواعد فقه در پاسخگويي به مسايل حقوقي و فقهي - به ويژه در مسايل پيچيده ي نو ظهور - بر هيچ كس پوشيده نيست و حلّ بسياري از پرسش هاي فقهي و حقوقي بدون استناد به قواعد مزبور، براي فقها و حقوقدانان بسيار مشكل و بعضاً غيرقابل دسترس است؛ بدين جهت در فقه اسلامي و در طيف وسيعي از قوانين عرفي دنياي امروز از جمله كشور ما آثار وجود اين قواعد فقهي مانند قواعد لاضرر، صحّت، بيّنه، درا و برايت، عيناً و يا مضموناً به خوبي مشهود است. اين قواعد از جمله «قاعده ي درا» و بعضاً «برايت» در تمام شبهات جريان دارند. بنابراين اگر حاكم شرع و قاضي در هنگام رسيدگي به پرونده ي متّهمين، در اثبات جرم دچار شبهه شود و يا دريابد كه متّهم در زمان ارتكاب جرم نسبت به وجود حكم شارع و يا در تشخيص موضوع حكم مزبور، با شبهه مواجه بوده، ديگر نمي تواند شرعاً و انصافاً جرمي را به متّهم منتسب و يا مجازاتي را نسبت به او اجرا كند. زيرادين اسلام، شريعت رافت و آسان گيري است و ضوابط عدالت و نظام قضايي اسلام و نيز به تبع آن، مقرّرات عرفي، حاكم را به سمت و سوي تفسير به نفع متّهم و برايت او دلالت مي نمايد. پيامبر اكرم (ص) فرموده است: «... اگر حاكم در عفو متّهم خطا كند، بهتر از آنست كه در مجازات نمودن او خطا نمايد.» و همين سفارش هاي اكيد است كه زمينه ساز «قاعده ي درا» مساله ي تفسير به نفع متّهم و رعايت انصاف و احتياط نسبت به جان و عرض و آزادي مردم شده است.

The functional role of religious principles respondent to Legal & Jural issues (specially the new complicated issues) is no secret to anyone, as these principles shall be considered as a well-founded support for lawyers, judges and jurists in presentation of judicial decrees, judgments and opinions, because solving many Jural/legal issues without relying on afore-mentioned rules shall be difficult and partially inaccessible. Thus in the Islamic religion and a wide range of today worldʹs common regulations (including our country) the existence and effects of these Jural Principles, such as principle of non-damage "using your own property in such a manner is not to cause loss or hardship to another" and correctness are evident, whether in exact form or content. These principles including "prevent huded incase of doubt" and "Doctrine of Innocence" are discussed under chapter of doubts, thus in case that a SHARIA Judge hesitates to prove the crime while investigating the defendantʹs case or realizes that the accused person/s was/were doubtful of the existence of legal judgment or religious edict and dubious recognition of the subject of judgment while committing the crime, due to religious principles and equity rules, the judge can not attribute any crime to the accused person or enforce a punishment on him, and since Islamic Religion is the law of affection and indulgence, and in view of Islamic justice regulations and Judicial system, consequently the common regulations shall lead the judge to interpret law in the favor of the accused person and his innocence. The Prophet states that "if a judge makes a mistake in forgiving a defendant, this judgment is better than to mistake in and exerting punishment. Also there are strict orders about the interpretation of law in favor of accused person, and abiding by justice and equity and exercising prudence where peopleʹs life and reputation is concerned.