كليدواژه :
بلوغ , فقه اماميه , مجازات صغار , مسيوليت كيفري , سن اهليت جزايي
چكيده فارسي :
نظريه معروف در ميان فقهاي اماميه سن بلوغ دختران را پايان نُه سال قمري و سن بلوغ پسران را پايان پانزده سال قمري مي داند. در اين نظريه، اهليت عبادي و حقوقي از مسيوليت كيفري تفكيك نمي شود. اين مقاله به بازخواني مباني اين نظريه مي پردازد. بخش اول مقاله به تبيين مقتضاي اصل در مسيله مي پردازد. بخش دوم با تاكيد بر مفاهيم ناظر به بلوغ در متون ديني بويژه قرآن مجيد تاكيد مي كند كه بلوغ يك واقعيت زيست شناسانه جسمي و رواني است و به همين اعتبار از اركان اهليت جزايي به شمار مي آيد. سن به اعتبار نظم عمومي و از آن رو كه به طور غالب مي تواند كاشف از اين وضعيت باشد، اماره بلوغ است. اين اماره ممكن است از جامعه-اي به جامعه ديگر متفاوت باشد. بخش سوم مقاله با توجه به ويژگي هاي مسيوليت كيفري به طرح دلايلي مي پردازد كه بر پايه آن ها مي توان از تفكيك اهليت كيفري از ديگر اهليت هاي حقوقي و عبادي دفاع نمود.
چكيده لاتين :
Traditional Shiite jurists consider females of 9 and males of 15 Lunar years to be legally mature, and, thus, criminally responsible.
Having limited scope of the discussion to the criminal responsibility, the main focus of this survey is on two different, yet related, perspectives: the relation of age and criminal responsibility, and then, possibility of making distinction between criminal responsibility and other legal and ritual capacities.
As for the first point, the article argues that narrations considering girls of 9 and boys of 15 years old as criminally mature do not seem to correspond to the real facts in all societies, so they cannot be referred to as the basis of the law for all societies and forever. Shiite jurists seem to be in need of reinterpreting such narrations by contextualizing their contents. The role of age in criminal responsibility must be seemed more in the light of the basic elements of criminal responsibility.
As for the second point, i.e. possibility of distinguishing criminal liability from other kinds of legal capacities, this survey suggests that criminal responsibility must be separated from other kinds of legal capacity, such as capacity for exercising rights and discharging of the obligations. Indeed a system of grading and allotment responsibility for different stages of age is recommended. In this line of thought, the age of full criminal responsibility, can be determined by considering fundamental Islamic teachings, as well as scientific achievements proposed by experts in various related fields, such as criminologists, physiologists and sociologists.
