جريان شناسي و مباني منطقي نسبتهاي چهارگانه نزد منطقدانان مسلمان

A Study of the Trends and Logical Principles of the Four-fold Relations in the View of Muslim Logicians

منطقدانان مسلمان به مسيله نسبت و ارايه تحليلي منطقي از آن توجه داشته‌اند و بكارگيري قواعد استنتاجي متضمن نسبت براي آنها امري مسلم بنظر ميرسد؛ طرح تدريجي رابطه مصداقي بموازات رابطه مفهومي، از چنين توجهي حكايت ميكند. درحاليكه تبيين مدون نسب اربعه در ارسطو ديده نميشود، منطقدانان قرن هفتم ببعد، علاوه بر بحث از نسبت مفهومي كه در مبحث كليات خمس مي آورند، تحت عنوان نسب اربع بنحو مفصل به بحث از نسبت مصداقي ميپردازند؛ و البته طرح آن را وامدار كساني چون غزالي بوده اند. واپسين تحليلهاي منطقدانان مسلمان از روابط منطقي در راستاي نظريه مجموعه ها، اساساً نظريه يي مصداقي است نه مفهومي؛ بنابرين نميتوان گفت كه منطقدانان مسلمان، تفسير مفهومي را به تفسير مصداقي ترجيح داده اند. پيدايش نسب اربع نزد منطقدانان مصداق‌محور، مولود توجهي است كه آنها به مصاديق يا افراد كليات داشتند؛ آنها نظام منطقي كه صرفاً بر كليات خمس (ماهيات) مبتني باشد را ناكافي ميدانند، لذا علاوه بر ايساغوجي، از مجموعه‌ها و نسبت بين آنها و قواعد حاكم بر نسبتهاي مصداقي سخن بميان مي‌آورند و مبحث نسبتهاي چهارگانه را طرح ميكنند كه ناظر به مصاديق و مجموعه‌هاست.

Muslim logicians have always paid attention to the problem of relation and tried to provide a logical analysis of this concept. Moreover, the employment of the inferential principles involving relation appears to have been inevitable to them. In fact, the gradual development of referential relation parallel to conceptual relation indicates the presence of such an attention. There is no written record of explanation of the four-fold relations in Aristotle’s works; however, from the seventh century (AH) onwards, in addition to the discussion of conceptual relation, which is presented in the category of the five-fold universals, logicians have discussed referential relation extensively under the title of the four-fold relations. Of course, the pioneers of this endeavor were such scholars as Ghazzali. The latest analysis of Muslim logicians from logical relations in line with the set theory was basically a referential rather than conceptual theory. Therefore, one cannot say that Muslim logicians preferred conceptual interpretation to the referential one. The development of the four-fold relations by referent-oriented logicians is the outcome of their attention to the referents or individuals of universals. They believe that a logical system which is merely based on the five-fold universals (quiddities) is inadequate. Therefore, in addition to Isagoge, they also discuss the collections, the relations between them, and the principles dominating referential relations. They also pose the four-fold relations, which depend on referents and collections.