راهبردهاي توصيفي در پژوهش منظر

Descriptive Strategies in Landscape Research

توصيف به مثابه يك راهبرد عينيت‌گرا و استقرايي از روش‌هاي پژوهش در معماري منظر است كه مبناي بسياري از راهبردهاي پژوهشي ديگر نيز دانسته مي‌شود. از آنجا كه از مشاهده، اغلب به عنوان نخستين گام در هر پژوهش ياد مي‌شود و كمتر به مثابه يك راهبرد مورد توجه قرار مي‌گيرد، هدف اين نوشتار تقويت بنيان‌هاي نظري لازم جهت تعميق راهبردهاي توصيفي در پژوهش منظر و ترويج بيشتر آن است. از اين روي، راهبرد توصيفي در نوشته‌هاي دمينگ و سوآفيلد (2011) مورد بررسي قرار گرفته و ضمن اشاره به دسته‌بندي‌هاي چهارگانه آنها شامل مشاهده، توصيف ثانويه، توصيف پيمايش اجتماعي و توصيف پيچيده به برخي پژوهش‌هاي صورت گرفته در هر دسته نيز اشاره شده است. اسناد مكتوب، پرسشنامه، مشاهده مستقيم، مصاحبه، تصاوير، عكس‌ها، دست‌نگاره‌ها و مستندات تاريخي از جمله منابع پايه در راهبرد توصيفي به‌شمار مي‌روند. سنجش اعتبار اين نوع پژوهش‌ها متكي به پشتيباني منابع مختلف از يكديگر، نحوه استخراج داده‌ها و شيوه استقراي پژوهشگر است كه ابتنا بر دسته‌بندي، رتبه‌بندي و تفسير دارد.

Description as an objective and inductive strategy is one of the fundamental research methods in landscape architecture studies. Descriptive research strategies produce new knowledge by systematically collecting and recording information that is readily available to the investigator and does not require complex analysis in order to be understood. Many historical precedents demonstrate how the foundation knowledge of the discipline has been built upon the work of careful and acute observers who prepared firsthand accounts and inventories of the rich diversity of landscape phenomena in the world. Despite its basic roll, it has less been employed in Iranian research designs in a clear way. The main aim of this paper is to point out the importance and critical rolls of descriptive strategies in landscape studies. Therefore, the descriptive strategy in Deming and Swaffield (2011) esseys are studied. In there opinoin, there are several types of research design based upon observational strategies that are particularly relevant to landscape architecture. This paper widely explains four types of descriptive research strategy applied within landscape architecture- observation, secondary description, descriptive social surveys, and complex description (including case studies). Besides, some examples have been mentioned for better understanding. In general, many sources have also been used in descriptive research, including written documents, questioners, observation, interviews, photos and sketches. Multiple sources may also provide greater certainty and precision about particular phenomena through triangulation. As a descriptive strategy becomes more sophisticated, it becomes more dependent upon the combination, classification, and interpretation of different sources of data. The validity of these kinds of research depends on the rate of supporting various sources with each other, process of extraction data from sources and way of researchers’ induction based on classification, ranking and at the end interpretation.