نماد گرايي باغ ايراني در دوره اسلامي

The symbolism of Iranian Garden in Islamic Era

اين بحث به باز شناسي تشابهات كالبدي و ذهني و مطابقت نمادهاي موجود در باغ ايراني، اسلامي با بهشت پرداخته و اجزا آن را با توصيفات بهشت در قرآن مقايسه و بازبيني نموده است. از زماني كه آدم و حوا از بهشت برين رانده شدند هميشه آرزوي برگشت و سكونت در آن ديار باقي را داشته اند. ديار بي منتها، امن(حجر:46)، باقي(دخان:56) كه به پرهيزگاران در اسلام و اديان ديگر وعده داده شده است. مسلمان ايراني به دنبال ايجاد باغي فاني در دنياي مادي نبوده است. اگر از نمادهايي متناظر با عناصر بهشتِ وعده داده شده استفاده نموده، و برآن تاكيد كرده، به دنبال معنا بخشي و غنابخشي به معماري باغ مي باشد. تفكر سنتي به دنبال معناگرايي در اين دنيا است، دنيايي كه واقعيّتي، از حقيقتي لايزال است. و در معماري طي تاريخ معاني و مفاهيمي پايدار را ايجاد نموده است، كه برگرفته از جهان بيني خود بوده است.

Since Adam and Eve were drifted from paradise, they always yearned to return and settle down there as an endless, safe and eternal land which has been promised to the pious and righteous men in Islam and the previous religions. Iranian garden is one of the most prominent and ever-lasting forms of Iranian arts during the history, originating in achaemenid. Since the origin, Iranians have regarded to the garden as the manifestation of fact from pre-existence reality. The garden is the physical representation of four integrated elements of water, soil, wind (air) and fire (light) which were not only paid attention for combination of the universe but also for creation of the body just as it has been mentioned in Quran for the four fold combination of human body. The God has used different ways to guide, punish and reward humans such as narrating the stories so that they can learn from the destiny of the pious or pagan men. He has discribed the Heaven as the reward of the pious men and believers in Islam with it`s hierarchy being specified in compatibility with human’s nature. The human has created the garden instinctively to be a symbol of the universe. In safavid era, garden-making was symbolic and referred to the Earth paradise in different books and documents. The Muslim has never sought to build a mortal garden in the temporal world. In the case of using counter symbols with the promised heaven elements, it has been tried to enrich and conceptualize the architecture of the garden. According to the traditional and oriented thought which fallows metaphysics and searching for conceptualism in this world, it is considered as a reality form of eternal truth and has created stable meaning in architecture and urbanism which has been extracted from its worldview. Certainly, what Quran describes as Heaven in the other world, has inherent difference with that on this word. These differences contains two parts: 1.There is no change in Heaven and everything is ever eternal, imperishable . 2.whatever is willed, will be available. Iranian gardens were built in flat and plain or on the sloped lands which lead the land to be more beautiful with their trees and falls. Iran gardens have been the symbol of Heaven on earth that it has been referred in different documents. Reintroduction of Iranian garden and identification of mental and anatomical similarities are paid attention to in this paper to suggest a new paradigm. Although in most papers related to the gardens of Islamic era, it has been a mentioned to similarity of garden and Heaven, it isn’t scrutinized how this similarity was applied. This paper has paid attention to recognize the Iranian garden, its components, physical and mental similarities of the symbols which are presented in Iranian garden of Islamic era. First, there is offered a historical and analytical interpretation and second is reviewed it`s components with the descriptions of heaven in Quran which has been compared with heaven elements in Iranian garden.