نظريه جواز و صحت خريد و فروش اعضاي بدن در فقه اماميه

The Theory of the Permissibility and Soundness of Buying and Selling Human Organs in Imami Jurisprudence

مسيله خريد و فروش اعضاي بدن از جمله مسايل مستحدثه فقهي است كه فقيهان اماميه در پاسخ به اين مسيله دو نظريه را اختيار نموده‌اند. عده اي از آنان به استناد روايات متضمن مفاد بطلان بيع ميته و اجماع بر آن، حكم وضعي خريد و فروش اعضاي بدن را بطلان و حكم تكليفي آن را حرمت دانسته‌اند. در مقابل، گروهي ديگر به استناد عمومات و اطلاقات آيات و روايات، اين خريد و فروش را حلال و صحيح تلقي نموده‌اند. در اين نوشتار، ضمن نقد و بررسي ادله قايل ين به حرمت و بطلان خريد و فروش اعضاي بدن و با توجه به ترتب منفعت محلله عقلايي بر پيوند اعضا از جمله نجات جان انسان يا رهايي انساني از درد و رنج كه خود يك غرض عقلايي است، و با توجه به شمول عمومات ادله بيع بر جواز و صحت خريد و فروش اشيايي كه داراي منافع و اغراض عقلايي هستند، بر نظريه جواز و صحت تاكيد شده است.

Buying and selling human organs is among the newly-arisen jurisprudential issues, about which the Imami jurists have opted two theories in response to this issue. Some of them have regarded the situational decree of buying and selling human organs as invalidity according to the traditions comprising of the contents invalidating the purchase of dead animal and the consensus on it, and have viewed its impositive decree as prohibition. In contrast, another group have regarded this buying and selling as lawful and sound according to the generalities of the Qur’anic verses and traditions. In this writing, while critically reviewing the arguments of those maintaining the prohibition and invalidity of buying and selling the body organs and with respect to deriving rational and lawful benefits from organ transplantation including saving the life of a person or relieving a person from pain and suffering, which is in itself rationally motivated, and in view of the inclusion of the generalities of sale contract (bay‘) evidences in the permissibility and soundness of buying and selling the objects that have rational benefits and motives, the permissibility and soundness of this theory is emphasized.