بهبود محاسبه اشباع آب در مخازن هيدروكربوري كربناته به‌‌كمك داده‌‌‌هاي چاه‌نگاري و آزمايشگاهي

An improvement of water saturation calculation using well logs and laboratory data in carbonate hydrocarbon reservoirs

يكي از پارامتر‌‌هاي بسيار مهم مخزني كه لازم است با دقت زياد محاسبه شود، ميزان اشباع‌شدگي آب است. روش متداول براي اين منظور، استفاده از داده‌هاي حاصل از نگارهاي الكتريكي متفاوت و به‌كار‌گيري روابط مربوط است كه در بعضي از موارد داراي دقت لازم نيست. از‌ آنجا كه داده‌هاي آزمايشگاهي حاصل از آزمايش‌هاي مغزه، داراي دقت زياد است، در تحقيق حاضر تلاش مي‌‌شود تا با بهره‌مندي از اين داده‌‌ها، روشي بهبوديافته براي محاسبه اشباع‌‌شدگي آب در عمق‌‌‌هاي متفاوت يكي از مخازن هيدروكربوري كربناته عرضه شود. در اين روش با تلفيق داده‌‌‌هاي آزمايشگاهي فشار مويينگي، به روش تزريق جيوه و طبقه‌بندي سنگ‌‌‌هاي كربناته با استفاده از مفهوم واحد‌‌هاي جريان هيدروليكي و همچنين استفاده از تابع لورت و ارتباط آن با اشباع آب نرمال شده، ميزان اشباع‌شدگي آب در چاه مورد بررسي و در پايان نتايج حاصل از اين روش، با مقادير اشباع‌شدگي آّب به‌دست آمده از نگار‌‌‌هاي چاه‌ مقايسه مي‌شود. نتايج حاصل و مقايسه آن با مقادير اشباع‌شدگي حاصل از روش چاه‌نگاري نشان مي‌دهد كه با روش معرفي شده مي‌توان ميزان اشباع‌شدگي آب را در مخازن هيدروكربوري كربناته با خطايي كم و دقتي مناسب محاسبه كرد.

One of the most important parameters in reservoir characterization is hydrocarbon saturation. It is assumed that all void spaces in a reservoir consist of water and hydrocarbon, therefore: Sh = 1-Sw, wherein Sh and Sw are hydrocarbon and water saturation respectively. Since estimation of hydrocarbon saturation is not generally an easy task, it is recommended to determine the water saturation and predict the saturation of hydrocarbon using the above equation. The estimation of this important reservoir petrophysical parametere (i.e. Sw) is commonly determined by various electrical and prosity logs using the following formula (Moradzadeh and Ghavami, 2001) for a clean (non shaly) formation: where Rt is the corrected total electrical resistivity of formation obtained from resistivity logs, is porosity of the rock obtained by porosity logs such as sonic or density, Rw is the water resistivity obtained from self potential (SP) logs or production tests, is a constant which depends on rock type and tortuosity of the fluid path, and m and n are unknown cementation and saturation exponents which need to be determined by petrophysical studies using core data of each formation. The value of is 0.6 for unconsolidated sandstones, 0.8 for consolidated sandstones and 1 for carbonates (Kamel and Mabrouk, 2002). The porosity can be quite accurately determined from nuclear or acoustic logs. The uninvaded resistivity Rt is more difficult to obtain because all resistivity measurements are influenced by the resistivity of nearby layers and by the resistivity of the invaded zone in the immediate vicinity of the borehole wall. Generally, Rt is calculated through a combination of shallow, medium and deep resistivities from induction or laterolog tools. Using of this method is not possible in shaly (unclean) and heterogeneous formations. In shaly sands, the presence of clay adds an additional conductivity. This additional conductivity will cause an error in water saturation estimation. In this cases varios models of water saturation has been proposed (Worthington,1985; Kamel and Mabrouk,2003; Alimoradi, et al., 2011). In carbonate reservoirs, wide range and irregular distribution of pore sizes change the rock conductivity and adversely affects the precision of Archie’s formula in Sw estimation. The effect of pore size and pore distribution in the evaluation of water saturation in these kind of rocks were studied in few research work in which the proposed equation of Lucia (2007) is perhaps the most significant contribution in this regards. As these methods are essenstialy based on well logs data and some assumption that may not be correct in some real practical cases, so in some situations the results of these methods are not so accurate. As carbonate rock forms the most promineint hydrocarbon reservoirs in the world and in particular in the Middel East, therefore an accurate water saturation estimation method is highly required. In these reservoir rocks it seems a method based on the core data, hydraulic flow unit concept, capillary pressure and Leverett function which is established for clastic (sandstone) reservoir could be effective to estimate Sw preciesly. In this paper it is attempt to use a set of high accuracy laboratory core tests data to present an improved method for calculation of water saturation within a carbonate reservoir in the southern part of Iran. This method is implemented in the following 10 steps, once the reservoir carbonate rocks were classified using hydraulic flow units concept. 1. Calculation of J functions by Garrouch (1999) formula for all lab data using permeability (k), porosity ( ) and mercury injection capillary pressure (Pc) data of each rock sample as well as surface tension ( ) and contact angle ( ) of the fluid in lab condition. 2. Calculation of mean hydraulic radius for each core sample (RQI). 3. Plotting Swir from Pc data against RQI and deriving the best equation. This can be used to predict Swir for any given permeability (k) and porosity ( ) data. 4. Calculation of by normalizing Sw; = (Sw – Swir)/(1 – Swir) 5. Plotting J function against and deriving equation of the straight line on a log-log plot for each hydraulic unit of the reservoir. 6. Calculation of height above free water level for the reservoir. 7. Calculation of Pc and then J functions using k, , and values of the reservoir for any given height above oil-water or gas-oil contact. 8. Determination of from the J versus relationship derived in setp 5 and J function values determined in step 7. 9. Calculation of reservoir Sw, using of step 8. (Sw= .(1- Swir)+Swir)) 10. Comparison of the calculated Sw (from step 9) with already available log Sw values. In this study it has been shown how water saturation values within a well are estimated by integration of mercury injection capillary pressure data, classification of carbonate rocks using hydraulic flow units, and also relation between the Levert function and normalized water saturation. The obtained results and its comparison with those of well logs data indicates that the presented method is capable enough to determine water saturation in carbonate hydrocarbon reservoir precisely.